Durability test

Warne, M. A. and Mayfield, P. C. S., Durability Tests on Marine Impressed Current Anodes , IMl Marston/Excelsion Ltd., 15 March (1971)... 

Glass durability tests There are two types of durability tests for glassware, viz. grain or powder tests and whole articles tests. 

A statement of standard tests for glass durability is given in Reference 14. G/ass Durability Testing... 

TABLE VIII Emissions as Function of Mileage for Durability Tests on Dual-Catalyst Systems... 

Figure 7. Configuration of the materials durability test system 1, Zymark robot arm 2, Mettler balance 3, blotting station 4, capping station 5, specimen rack 6, water bath 7, block oven 8, vacuum oven 9, freezing chamber 10, NDT station 11, automated micrometer, and 12, washing station. O, specimen holder.

Xie J, Wood DL, More KL, Atanassov P, Borup RL. 2005a. Microstructural changes of membrane electrode assemblies during PEFC durability testing at high humidity conditions. J Electrochem Soc 152 A1011-A1020. 

The object of this publication is to provide practical guidance on assessing the useful service life of plastics. It covers test procedures and extrapolation techniques together with the inherent limitations and problems. There is a wealth of information which can be applied to help maximise the effectiveness of a durability testing programme which the guide aims to direct the user towards. 

There are, however, other components where the process of degradation is clearer and the rate of change easier to deduce, particularly when that process is mechanical rather than chemical. This would be so in a simple case where surface wear proceeded at a linear rate. Discussion of these problems will explain why there is still a shortage of reliable data and also why much durability testing falls short of the breadth and quality necessary to make reliable predictions. 

The great majority of durability tests (indeed all types of test) are made on test pieces rather than on the complete product. There are several reasons for this, not least the cost of... 

There are three particular considerations for durability tests ... 

The uncertainty of a measurement is always a very important consideration but it is especially so with durability tests. In addition to the basic physical test methods, there are the complications of exposure conditions, tests spanning long times and the process of extrapolating results to make predictions. The combination of these factors will inevitably lead to large uncertainties that can very easily be of such a magnitude that any conclusions are meaningless. Terms used to describe precision include repeatability, which refers to within laboratory variation and reproducibility, which refers to variation between laboratories. 

Once the application performance and degradation requirements are understood, the next step is to review available information or conduct tests to screen product options to determine the most likely products that will meet application expectations. Weathering, aging and durability testing of polymers have been used extensively for years to qualify durable polymers for specific applications. Since the mid 1980s, new standard tests have been developed for degradable polymers [2],... 

Table 2 Durability Test of Grafted Polymer Surface. Sample Polypropylene Film Photografted with Acrylamide(16)...

Beckers, E.P.J., MUitz, H. and Stevens, M. (1995). Acetylated sohd wood laboratory durability tests (part II) and field trials. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Doc. no. IRG/ WP 95-40048. 

Y. Yamamasu, T. Kakihara, E. Kasai, T. Morita, IHI, "Component Development and Durability Test of MCFC," in The International Fuel Cell Conference Proceedings, NEDO/MITI, Tokyo, Japan, Pgs. 161-164, 1992. 

As shown in Figure 11, before extensive validation, the performance of the method is evaluated appropriately. Column durability tests, robustness testing for the chromatographic and sample preparation conditions, analytical method evaluation ring tests (AMERTs), method capability assessments, and pre-validation studies are applied to... 

Once the durability testing of the fuel cells is finalized, the internal components are then characterized. For diffusion layers, some of these characterization techniques include SEM to visualize surface changes, porosimetry measurements to analyze any changes in porosity within the DL and MPL, IGC (inverse gas chromatography) to identify relative humidity effects on the hydrophobic properties of the DLs, contact angle measurements to observe any changes in the hydrophobic/hydrophilic coatings of the DL, etc. [254,255]. 

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