Graft copolymers acid /methyl methacrylate

A graft copolymer of methyl methacrylate and natural rubber can be used as a primer coat for plasticized PVC. The release coat is also applied to a lightweight coating at 1—5 g/m. Acrylic acid esters... 

Aluminoxanes suppressed side reactions involving hydrogen transfer. They also formed cyclic structures with starch, giving copolymers that were coated with crystalline polyethylene. A catalyst composed of dicyclopentadienylzirconium dichloride and trimethylaluminium permitted polymerization of ethylene on starch in a toluene suspension at 60 °C for 2h.2806 Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto starch was also performed with an acetylacetone-copper(II) complex in trichloroacetic acid.2807 The grafting yield and efficiency were proportional to the initiator concentration up to 7.0 x 10-3 mole/L. 

Polysaccharides and their graft copolymers find extensive applications in diversified fields. Grafting is known to improve the characteristic properties of backbones. Such properties include water repellancy, thermal stability, flame resistance, dyeability and resistance towards acid-base attack and abrasion. Modification of natural cellulosics through graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto Cannabis indica, rayon, jute, cotton, etc., has resulted in the improvement of their morphology and other physicochemical properties [9-23]. 

Ore et al. [100] synthesized the side-chain copolymers of benzylidene, aniline, and azobenzene chromophores by chemically attaching them to the copolymers of styrene, acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, and methacrylic acid. The c , coefficients of these dye-grafted copolymers range between 1.6 and 41 pm V . These materials exhibit greater stability than do the guest-host mixtures. 

ACPA azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) AIBN azobis isobutyronitrile) BPO benzoyl peroxide DVB divinyl benzene, EGA 2-ethylcyano-acrylate HPC hydroxypropyl cellulose MMA methyl methacrylate PAAc polyacrylic acid PEI polyethyleneimine, PEO/PPO polyethylene oxide/polypyropylene oxide copolymer PVME polyvinylmethylether PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 DMSO dimethylsulfoxide PGA polyglutaraldehyde CMS chloromethylstyrene PMMA-g-OSA polymethylmethacrylate grafted oligostearic acid. 

II. B polyethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, polystyrene, diisocyanates (urethanes), polyvinylchloride, chloroprene, THF, diglycolide, dilac-tide, <5-valerolactone, substituted e-caprolactones, 4-vinyl anisole, styrene, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate. In addition to these species, many copolymers have been prepared from oligomers of PCL. In particular, a variety of polyester-urethanes have been synthesized from hydroxy-terminated PCL, some of which have achieved commercial status (9). Graft copolymers with acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, and styrene have been prepared using PCL as the backbone polymer (60). 

Deters (14) vibromilled a blend of cellulose and cellulose triacetate. The acetic acid content of cellulose acetate decreased with grinding time (40 h) while that of the cellulose increased, suggesting the formation of a block or graft copolymer or of an esterification reaction by acetic acid developed by mechanical reaction. Baramboim (/5) dissolved separately in CO polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(vinyl acetate). After mixing equal volumes of solutions of equivalent polymer concentration, the solvent was evaporated at 50° C under vacuum and the resultant product ball-milled. The examination of the ball-milled products showed the formation of free radicals which copolymerized. 

The results that have been found for these four monomers are rather surprising For three of the monomers, methyl acrylate, acrylic acid, and methacrylic acid, both BPO and AIBN will initiate the graft copolymerization while for methyl methacrylate only BPO gives a reasonable yield of the graft copolymer. Even more surprising is the fact that for the two esters, no ungrafted SBS is found while for the acids only a small amount of the SBS is actually involved in the graft copolymerization. 

Graft copolymers of polyamides using pre-irradiation gamma-rays techniques have been reported for styrene (130), in solution, in the presence of water (40), in alcohols or acetone solution (131), vinyl acetate (130), methacrylic acid in water (132) or methanol solution (129), methyl (133) and ethyl (130) acrylates, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (55,134), methyl methacrylate (130), in methanol solution (129), 2-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate quaternary salts (135), acrylamide in aqueous medium (128,136), acrylonitrile (130,137), and 4-vinyl pyridine in aqueous solution (128). 

Photolysis of this polymer gives radicals on which side chains can be formed, giving graft polymerization 122, 123, 153). Similarly the polymerization of styrene (152) or vinyl acetate (157) in the presence of bromotrichloromethane gives telomers carrying terminal bromine atoms and trichloromethyl groups. By ultraviolet irradiation (3500 A) in the presence of methyl methacrylate the carbon-bromine links are broken and block copolymers are formed. The telomerization of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid with bromoform is based on the same technique the end groups of both polyacrylonitrile and polyacrylic acid were photolyzed in the presence of acrylamide and afforded polyacrylamide blocks linked to polyacrylonitrile or polyacrylic acid blocks (164, 165). 

In addition, borane-containing POs can be prepared by copolymerization of olefin with borane monomers or by hydroboration of polyolefins including unsaturated groups, such as olefin-divinylbenzene copolymer and olefin-diene copolymers. Many kinds of graft copolymers, such as poly-elhylene-gra/f-poly( vinyl alcohol), PE-g-PMMA, polypropylcnc-gra/f-poly-(maleicanhydride-co-styrene), polypropylene-gra/f-poly(methacrylic acid), polypropylene-gra/f-poly(vinyl alcohol), polypropylene-gra/f-polycaprolac-tone (PP-g-PCL), polypropylcnc-gra/f-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PP-g-PMMA), poly( ethylene-co-propylene)-gra/f-poly(methyl methacrylate) (EPR-g-PMMA), and poly(ethylene-co-propylene)-gra/f-poly(maleic anhydride-costyrene), have been synthesized by such a method resulting in controllable composition and molecular microstructures [63-66]. 

Preparation of Wood-Methyl Methacrylate Graft Copolymer. Wood Meal (0.5 g), an acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution with pH 4.6 (5 ml), a ferrous sulfate aqueous solution (5 ml FeSO 1x10 mole), MMA (8 ml), and a hydrogene peroxide aqueous solution ( 5 ml HO. 1x10 mole) were mixed in this order. After degassed, the flask was sealed and shaken at 50 °C for 1 to 8 h. The reaction mixture was poured into a large excess of methanol. To remove homo polymer, the product was then extracted with acetone for 36 - 72 h. 

Vinyl monomers that can be grafted to cellulose to achieve adhesive properties are acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, and many others. Graft copolymers of cellulose derivatives have also found use as adhesives. For example, vinylacetate-grafted hydroxyethylcellulose can be used as an adhesive for packaging and tile ( ). Grafting of vinyl monomers onto lignocellulosic materials can convert them into suitable adhesive materials (0). 

Carbanions can react with Cl in PVC macromolecules [295] and with the ester group of PMMA [284]. The rates of the two reactions are probably not very different by the addition of a-methylstyrene tetramer dianion to a PVC + PMMA solution, the copolymer poly(vinyl chloride)-gro/ir-poly-(methyl methacrylate) was obtained [296]. Macrocations formed by the reaction of strong acids with polyalkenes (see Chap. 3, Sect. 3.2) react with polyethers (polysiloxanes) yielding graft and block copolymers, e. g. poly(propylene)-0ra/ir-poly (oxyethylene) [297], poly(propylene)- /ocA -... 

Polyamide copolymers containing a macromolecular graft substituent were prepared by condensing 4-amino-benzoic acid or a mixture of 1,4-phenylene diamine and adipic acid with 33%, 66%, and 90% 5-(poly(n-butylacrylate)cysteine macromonomer. A second macromolecular monomer, 5-(poly(methyl methacrylate)-cysteine, was also prepared and free radically copolymerized with perfluoromethyl methacrylate. 

Examples of acid modified polyolefins are the copolymers of ethylene with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid. Variations include the partially neutralised acid copolymers with metal ions (ionomers) or terpolymers of ethylene, an acid and an acrylate such as methyl acrylate or isobutyl acrylate. Acid-containing extrudable adhesives are widely used to bond to aluminium foil. Examples of anhydride-modified polyolefins include terpolymers of ethylene, maleic anhydride and acrylates such as ethyl acrylate or butyl acrylate and the anhydride-grafted polyolefins. Some typical applications and stmctures of a variety of multilayer materials with extruded polymer tie-layer adhesives, as described in Du-Pont trade literature, are detailed in Table 16.2. 

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