Methacrylic acid graft copolymers

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(methacrylic acid) graft copolymer nonbiodegradable... 

Athawale VD, Rathi SC (1997) Synthesis and characterization of starch-poly(methacrylic acid) graft copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 66 1399-1403... 

A waterborne system for container coatings was developed based on a graft copolymerization of an advanced epoxy resin and an acryHc (52). The acryhc-vinyl monomers are grafted onto preformed epoxy resins in the presence of a free-radical initiator grafting occurs mainly at the methylene group of the aHphatic backbone on the epoxy resin. The polymeric product is a mixture of methacrylic acid—styrene copolymer, soHd epoxy resin, and graft copolymer of the unsaturated monomers onto the epoxy resin backbone. It is dispersible in water upon neutralization with an amine before cure with an amino—formaldehyde resin. 

Benzodiazepines were the first class of heterocyclic compounds to be synthesized on the SynPhase surface. In 1994, Ellman and co-workers24 reported a 192 member library of structurally diverse 1,4-benzodiazepines. These compounds were prepared on Mimotopes pins that were grafted with polyacrylic acid, the surface originally used for antibody epitope elucidation.10 Ellman and co-workers25 subsequently synthesized a 1680-member 1,4-benzodiazepine library on SynPhase Crowns that were grafted with a methacrylic acid/dimethylacrylamide copolymer, one of the first SynPhase surfaces designed for solid-phase synthesis. The synthesis was performed on a preformed linker-template system in order to avoid low aminobenzophenone incorporation in this case the HMP acid-labile linker... 

Additionally to the procedures described earlier, improvements for thermostabilization is copolymerisation of vinyl chloride with suitable monomers. A great number of monomers were investigated to optimize the properties of resins. But only vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid esters, and maleic acid esters, respectively, are of interest commercially [305,436,437]. The copolymerization was carried out in emulsion, suspension, and solution in connection with water- or oil-soluble initiators, as mentioned elsewhere. Another possibility for modifying PVC is grafting of VC on suitable polymers [305,438], blends of PVC with butadiene/styrene and butadiene/ methacryl acid esters copolymers [433], and polymer-analogous reactions on the macromolecule [439,440] (e.g., chlorination of PVC). 

Other studies include the release of phenanthrene and pyrene from poly(styrene)-poly(methacrylic acid) diblock copolymer micelles > and of other copolymers such as poly(<-butyl acrylate)-poly(2-vinylpyridine) the release of benzopyrene and Cell-Tracker CM-Dil from poly(caprolactone)-poly(ethylene oxide) micelles the release of pyrene and estradiol from micelles of a EOn(eo)POn(po)EOn(eo) copol3rmer grafted with poly(acrylic acid). ... 

Polystyrene-PDMS block copolymers4l2), and poly(n-butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid)-PDMS graft copolymers 308) have been used as pressure sensitive adhesives. Hot melt adhesives based on polycarbonate-PDMS segmented copolymers 413) showed very good adhesion to substrates with low surface energies without the need for surface preparation, such as etching. 

II. B polyethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, polystyrene, diisocyanates (urethanes), polyvinylchloride, chloroprene, THF, diglycolide, dilac-tide, <5-valerolactone, substituted e-caprolactones, 4-vinyl anisole, styrene, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate. In addition to these species, many copolymers have been prepared from oligomers of PCL. In particular, a variety of polyester-urethanes have been synthesized from hydroxy-terminated PCL, some of which have achieved commercial status (9). Graft copolymers with acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, and styrene have been prepared using PCL as the backbone polymer (60). 

Deters (14) vibromilled a blend of cellulose and cellulose triacetate. The acetic acid content of cellulose acetate decreased with grinding time (40 h) while that of the cellulose increased, suggesting the formation of a block or graft copolymer or of an esterification reaction by acetic acid developed by mechanical reaction. Baramboim (/5) dissolved separately in CO polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(vinyl acetate). After mixing equal volumes of solutions of equivalent polymer concentration, the solvent was evaporated at 50° C under vacuum and the resultant product ball-milled. The examination of the ball-milled products showed the formation of free radicals which copolymerized. 

The results that have been found for these four monomers are rather surprising For three of the monomers, methyl acrylate, acrylic acid, and methacrylic acid, both BPO and AIBN will initiate the graft copolymerization while for methyl methacrylate only BPO gives a reasonable yield of the graft copolymer. Even more surprising is the fact that for the two esters, no ungrafted SBS is found while for the acids only a small amount of the SBS is actually involved in the graft copolymerization. 

Graft copolymers of polyamides using pre-irradiation gamma-rays techniques have been reported for styrene (130), in solution, in the presence of water (40), in alcohols or acetone solution (131), vinyl acetate (130), methacrylic acid in water (132) or methanol solution (129), methyl (133) and ethyl (130) acrylates, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (55,134), methyl methacrylate (130), in methanol solution (129), 2-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate quaternary salts (135), acrylamide in aqueous medium (128,136), acrylonitrile (130,137), and 4-vinyl pyridine in aqueous solution (128). 

Similar grafting experiments by the emulsion technique were described (34) in the system vinyl chloride/copolymer butyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid and in the reverse system, and also in the system styrene/polyvinyl chloride. In this last case again as in homogenous medium, the inverse process failed (vinyl chloride on polystyrene). Grafted acrylonitrile copolymers were also prepared in order to improve their dyeability, by polymerizing acrylonitrile in emulsion in the presence of many different polymers as polyvinyl alcohol, polymethacrylamide and polyvinylpyrrolidone (119, 120, 121), polyvinyl acetate and polyacrylic acid (115), wool (224,225), proteins (136), etc. 

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