Mercury cadmium, primary

Mercury-indium-bismuth and mercury-cadmium primary batteries 8/3... 

Mercuric oxide-itidium-bismuth and mercury-cadmium (primary) batteries supplied by Crompton-Parkinson... 

Batteries. Many batteries intended for household use contain mercury or mercury compounds. In the form of red mercuric oxide [21908-53-2] mercury is the cathode material in the mercury—cadmium, mercury—indium—bismuth, and mercury—zinc batteries. In all other mercury batteries, the mercury is amalgamated with the zinc [7440-66-6] anode to deter corrosion and inhibit hydrogen build-up that can cause cell mpture and fire. Discarded batteries represent a primary source of mercury for release into the environment. This industry has been under intense pressure to reduce the amounts of mercury in batteries. Although battery sales have increased greatly, the battery industry has aimounced that reduction in mercury content of batteries has been made and further reductions are expected (3). In fact, by 1992, the battery industry had lowered the mercury content of batteries to 0.025 wt % (3). Use of mercury in film pack batteries for instant cameras was reportedly discontinued in 1988 (3). 

Legislative directives are becoming the primary drivers of industrial and municipal water treatments, for example the implementation of the Integrated Pollution and Preventative Control Directive. This has placed an increased pressure on the industry in order to improve the wastewater treatments. The European Union is forcing tighter standards, whilst the USA introduces new ambient standards limiting particulate less than 2.5 microns in diameter. There are also standards around the world which require reduction of mercury, cadmium, lead, and other toxic metals. It is noted that fabric filters are superior to other air pollution devices in removing these compounds. "... 

Another parameter which will have a very definite bearing on the choice of battery type is cell voltage, particularly on-load voltage, which are tabulated in Table 2.1 for various types of primary battery. It can be seen that these range from 0.75V/ceJI (mercury-cadmium) to over 3 V with some of the lithium and magnesium based organic electrolyte systems. 

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury-zinc, carbon-zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, lithium types, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel-iron, mercury-cadmium. 

Metal compounds, particularly compounds of the heavy metals, have a history of importance as antimicrobial agents. Because of regulations regarding economic poisons in the environment they are no longer widely used in this appHcation. Mercury, lead, cadmium, uranium, and other metals have been imphcated in cases of poisoning that resulted in government response. The metals whose compounds have been of primary interest as antimicrobials are mercury, silver, and copper. 

Mass effects due to some ions in salts. It is generally observed that there is a greater instability amongst compounds containing heavy atoms compared with elements in the first periods of the periodic tabie.This can be observed by analysing enthalpies of formation of ammonia, phosphine, arsine and stibine (see previous table for the last three). In the same way, it is easier to handle sodium azide than lead azide, which is a primary explosive for detonators. It is exactly the same with the relatively highly stable zinc and cadmium thiocyanates and the much less stable mercury thiocyanate. 

Primary copper processing results in air emissions, process wastes, and other solid-phase wastes. Particulate matter and sulfur dioxide are the principal air contaminants emitted by primary copper smelters. Copper and iron oxides are the primary constituents of the particulate matter, but other oxides, such as arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, mercury, and zinc, may also be present, with metallic sulfates and sulfuric acid mist. Single-stage electrostatic precipitators are widely used in the primary copper industry to control these particulate emissions. Sulfur oxides contained in the off-gases are collected, filtered, and made into sulfuric acid. 

In mammals, as in yeast, several different metallothionein isoforms are known, each with a particular tissue distribution (Vasak and Hasler, 2000). Their synthesis is regulated at the level of transcription not only by copper (as well as the other divalent metal ions cadmium, mercury and zinc) but also by hormones, notably steroid hormones, that affect cellular differentiation. Intracellular copper accumulates in metallothionein in copper overload diseases, such as Wilson s disease, forming two distinct molecular forms one with 12 Cu(I) equivalents bound, in which all 20 thiolate ligands of the protein participate in metal binding the other with eight Cu(I)/ metallothionein a molecules, with between 12-14 cysteines involved in Cu(I) coordination (Pountney et ah, 1994). Although the role of specific metallothionein isoforms in zinc homeostasis and apoptosis is established, its primary function in copper metabolism remains enigmatic (Vasak and Hasler, 2000). 

The first perfluoroalkykadmium compounds were prepared via metathesis between bis(trifluaromethyl)mercury and dialkylcadmiums [12d] An equilibrium mixture of all possible cadmium and mercury compounds was formed, the equilibrium could be shifted toward the bis(tnfluoromethyl)cadmium by using excess bis(tnflu-oromethyl)mercury When the reaction was earned out in glyme, a stable bis(tnflu-oromethyl)cadmium gly ine complex was isolated [124, 125 126] (equation 96) Other analogues were synthesized and isolated in essentially quantitative yield via direct reaction of primary and secondary perfluoroalkyl iodides with di-alkylcadmiums in basic Lewis solvents [127 128] (equaUon 97)... 

In higher plants, different isoenzymes of POD can be distinguished. The electrophoretic pattern of leaf extracts of Oryza sativa treated with toxic amounts of zinc, copper and mercury was changed as compared to controls some new isoperoxidases became visible, while other bands disappeared (Nag et al., 1981). As compared with the control, the activity of one particular anionic band was very pronounced. Also in Phaseolus vulgaris, the isoperoxidase pattern was shown to be affected by metals (Van Assche et al., 1986, see Fig. 6-1). In the primary leaf, zinc induced two anionic bands, that were absent in the controls, but the isoperoxidase pattern of the root was not affected. With copper, the same two bands appeared in the roots only, while cadmium induced the same two isoperoxidases in both primary leaves and roots. 

Aromatic carboxylic esters may be reduced to produce the corresponding primary alcohol by electrolysis at a mercury, lead or cadmium cathode. - For example, methyl benzoate is readily reduced to benzyl alcohol (91%) at a mercury cathode in MeOH containing Me4NCl. Ring substituents in the ben-... 

Metallothioneins are a unique and widely distributed group of proteins. They are characterized by their low molecular weight (—6000), high cysteinyl content, and the ability to bind substantial numbers of metal ions (43). The proteins bind copper and zinc, thereby providing a mobile pool as part of the normal metabolism of these elements, and offer protection from the invasion of inorganic forms of the toxic elements cadmium, lead, and mercury. In addition, other metals, such as iron and cobalt, can be induced to bind. XAS is ideally suited to probe the environment of these different metal atoms (see Fig. 1), and the structural interpretations obtained from an analysis of the EXAFS data obtained in several such studies are summarized in Table 1(44). Thus, in each case, the data are consistent with the primary coordination of the metal deriving from the cysteinyl residues. 

While the primary physiological role of MT involves the homeostasis of zinc and copper, it remains that MT also has a role in the cellular defense against cadmium and mercury. In addition, being a thiol containing protein MT has the potential to be an effective free radical scavenger, therefore, important in regulating the cellular redox-state. 

D-penicillamine is so named because it was first isolated as an amine, from the degradation products of penicillin by Abraham et al [87]. Later studies showed the characteristic chemical behavior of D-penicillamine which involve three types of reactions, formation of disulphide links, formation of thiazolidine rings, and formation of metal complexes and chelates [67]. It was first used in 1956 in the treatment of Wilson s disease [88]. D-penicillamine has since been used in the treatment of many diseases, such as cystinuria [89], rheumatoid arthritis [90-92], systemic sclerosis [93], primary bdiary cirrhosis [94], heavy metal poisoning due to lead [95], cadmium [%], and mercury [97], and hyperviscosity syndrome [99]. In rheumatoid arthritis, D-peni-cdlamine has been widely accepted as an effective second line treatment. Despite of its effectiveness, it causes many adverse effects, such as skin rashes [99,100], taste abnormalities [100,101], hepatic dysfunction [102-104], gastrointestinal toxiciiy [99,105], proteinuria [100,106], hematuria [107, 108], thrombocytopenia [92, 109], aplastic anemia [110], lupus-like syndrome [111, 112], Goodpasture s-tike pulmonary renal syndrome [113-115], vasculitis [116,117], myasthenia gravis [118-122], polymyositis [123, 124], and dermatomyositis [125]. 

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