Indium bismuth

Acar 0, Kn ic Z, Turker AR (1999) Determination of bismuth, indium and lead in geological and sea-water samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with nickel containing chemical modifiers. Anal Chim Acta 382 329-338. 

Arsenic, Bismuth, Indium, Lead, Antimony, Selenium, Tin, Tellurium, and Thallium... 

In electrorefining, the metal to be refined is used as the anode whic dissolves in the electrolyte and is deposited as electrolytic-grade mett at the cathode. The impurities present in the anode remain on it, fall oi to the bottom of the cell as slime, or go into solution but are prevente. from moving toward the cathode by precipitation with some chemics reagent such as another metal added to the electrolyte. The buildup c metallic impurities that are dissolved but not deposited at the cathode i reduced by circulation of fresh electrolyte through the cells. Electrorefinin techniques are used in producing gold, silver, copper, nickel, cobalt, lead tin, antimony, bismuth, indium, and mercury. 

Crotyl metal reagents based on antimony, bismuth, indium and manganese have also been described. These reagents display moderate preferences for the syn diastereomer (4) in reactions with aromatic aldehydes (antimony, up to 75 25 bismuth, 85 15 indium, 66 34 manganese, 65 35). Too few examples have yet been reported, however, to fully assess the potential of these systems as reagents for organic synthesis. 

Procedures based on the application of immobilized quinoline-8-ol silica and stripping voltammetry were developed for the determination of copper, lead, cadmium, bismuth, indium, and zinc in seawater. Better sensitivity and lower detection limits were achieved with the application of smaller sample volumes. The feasibility and reliability of the developed procedures were confirmed by the analysis of a near shore seawater sample and CASS-2 reference seawater. 

Indium Alloys. This metal and its effect on the solder joint is very much the same as for bismuth. Indium (In) is very soft and ductile in its elemental form and melts at about 157°C. In-based soldering alloys are much more expensive—about 25 times that of Sn-Pb—due to indium s scarcity, thus it is not suited as a dominant metal in solder. Price and supply make it unattractive even as a trace agent or a minor solder alloy constituent. E. AUenby et al. concluded that the world s indium supply would be depleted in about one year if indium were consumed at the same rate as Pb. 

Asakura K, Saloh H, Chiba M et al (2009) Genotoxicity studies of heavy metals lead, bismuth, indium, silver and antimony. J Occup Health 51(6) 498-512 Bach C, Dauchy X, Chagnon MC et al (2012) Chemical compounds and toxicological assessments of drinking water stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles a source of controversy reviewed. Water Res 46(3) 571—583 Bach C, Dauchy X, Severin I et al (2013) Effect of temperature on the release of intentionally and non-intentionally added substances fiom polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into water chemical analysis and potential toxicity. Eood Chem 139(1—4) 672-680 Baiocco P, Colotd G, Eranceschini S et al (2009) Molecular basis of antimony treatment in leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 52(8) 2603—2612... 

Several p-block compounds have been employed in this acid-amine coupling reaction these include bismuth, indium and antimony. Indium metal has been found useful for the N-formylation of amines. This reaction requires only 10 mol% indium catalyst and can be used for formic acid reactions with amino alcohols resulting in no side reaction on the alcohol terminus. Electron-rich triarylbismuthanes have been reported to couple carbo>ylic acids to amines within reaction times of 12 hours. In numerous cases, high yields were obtained although little amine scope is explored and in some cases where hindered carbojq lic acids were used, only starting materials were recovered. ... 

For reflow soldering, the predominant alloys used are tin-silver-bismuth-indium (Sn-Ag-Bi-In) and tin-silver-copper (Sn-Ag-Cu). 

The third group of chemical elements reviewed in this chapter comprises two precious metals, silver and gold, plus the sextet of Pt metals ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum. Considered will be also some less frequent heavy metals, i.e. antimony, bismuth, indium, tin (by some authors... 

L. G. Stevens and C. E. T. White, "Indium and Bismuth," in Metals Handbook, Vol. 2, 10th ed., ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 1990. 

Batteries. Many batteries intended for household use contain mercury or mercury compounds. In the form of red mercuric oxide [21908-53-2] mercury is the cathode material in the mercury—cadmium, mercury—indium—bismuth, and mercury—zinc batteries. In all other mercury batteries, the mercury is amalgamated with the zinc [7440-66-6] anode to deter corrosion and inhibit hydrogen build-up that can cause cell mpture and fire. Discarded batteries represent a primary source of mercury for release into the environment. This industry has been under intense pressure to reduce the amounts of mercury in batteries. Although battery sales have increased greatly, the battery industry has aimounced that reduction in mercury content of batteries has been made and further reductions are expected (3). In fact, by 1992, the battery industry had lowered the mercury content of batteries to 0.025 wt % (3). Use of mercury in film pack batteries for instant cameras was reportedly discontinued in 1988 (3). 

Some metals used as metallic coatings are considered nontoxic, such as aluminum, magnesium, iron, tin, indium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, niobium, bismuth, and the precious metals such as gold, platinum, rhodium, and palladium. However, some of the most important poUutants are metallic contaminants of these metals. Metals that can be bioconcentrated to harmful levels, especially in predators at the top of the food chain, such as mercury, cadmium, and lead are especially problematic. Other metals such as silver, copper, nickel, zinc, and chromium in the hexavalent oxidation state are highly toxic to aquatic Hfe (37,57—60). 

Solders. In spite of the wide use and development of solders for millennia, as of the mid-1990s most principal solders are lead- or tin-based alloys to which a small amount of silver, zinc, antimony, bismuth, and indium or a combination thereof are added. The principal criterion for choosing a certain solder is its melting characteristics, ie, soHdus and Hquidus temperatures and the temperature spread or pasty range between them. Other criteria are mechanical properties such as strength and creep resistance, physical properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. 

Bismuth Lead Tin Cadmium Indium Antimony Uses ... 

Of the elements commonly found in lead alloys, zinc and bismuth aggravate corrosion in most circumstances, while additions of copper, tellurium, antimony, nickel, silver, tin, arsenic and calcium may reduce corrosion resistance only slightly, or even improve it depending on the service conditions. Alloying elements that are of increasing importance are calcium especially in maintenance-free battery alloys and selenium, or sulphur combined with copper as nucleants in low antimony battery alloys. Other elements of interest are indium in anodesaluminium in batteries and selenium in chemical lead as a grain refiner ". 

Small additions, e.g. 0-1%, of indium, zinc or phosphorus, reduce the rate of oxidation and an addition of antimony, thallium or bismuth accelerates it... 

Amalgamated zinc powder has been used as the negative material to prevent zinc corrosion and zinc passivation. Recently, from the viewpoint of environmental problems, mercury-free alkaline-manganese batteries were developed by using zinc powder with indium, bismuth and other additives [2-4]. Adding indium to zinc powder is the most effective way to improve the characteristics of the cells [3]. Figure 3 shows the variation in the internal impedance of the cells according to the additive content of the zinc powder. 

Ca, Co, Ni, Pb, and Bi in single or combined application, with or without small amounts of mercury. The probably most important patents are cited in Ref. [211. Finally, the research and development activities led to a zinc quality, which is specified as "no mercury added" (nobody dares to claim "zero mercury"). Commercial zinc powders frequently contain a combination of indium, lead, and bismuth in variable concentrations up to 500 ppm each [25]. 

Which element of each of the following pairs has the higher electron affinity (a) aluminum or indium (b) bismuth or antimony (c) silicon or lead ... 

The in-V compounds combine the elements of Group HI (aluminum, gallium, indium) with those of Group V (phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth). As can be imagined, a wide variety of compounds can be produced which, in addition to the binary materials, also include ternary and even quaternary materials. 

The reaction of an a-halo carbonyl compound with zinc, tin, or indium together with an aldehyde in water gave a direct cross-aldol reaction product (Eq. 8.90).226,227 A direct Reformatsky-type reaction occurred when an aromatic aldehyde reacted with an a-bromo ester in water mediated by zinc in low yields. Recently, it was found that such a reaction mediated by indium was successful and was promoted by son-ication (Eq. 8.91).228 The combination of BiCl3-Al,229 CdCl2-Sm,230 and Zn-Et3B-Eb0231 is also an effective mediator. Bismuth metal, upon activation by zinc fluoride, effected the crossed aldol reaction between a-bromo carbonyl compounds and aldehydes in aqueous media. The reaction was found to be regiospecific and syn-diastereoselective (Eq. 8.92).232... 

Allylation of acyloyl-imidazoles and pyrazoles61 with allyl halide mediated by indium in aqueous media provides a facile regioselective synthesis of P, y-unsaturated ketones (Scheme 11.1), which has been applied to the synthesis of the monoterpene artemesia ketone. The same product can be obtained by indium-mediated allylation of acyl cyanide (Eq. 11.35).62 Samarium, gallium, and bismuth can be used as a mediator for the allylation of nitrones and hydrazones to give homoallylic hydroxylamine and hydrazides in aqueous media in the presence of Bu4NBr (Scheme 11.2).63 The reaction with gallium and bismuth can be increased dramatically under microwave activation. 

The low-melting-point (157 °C), silver metal is mainly used in alloys to decrease the melting point. Combined with tin, lead, and bismuth to produce soldering metal for wide temperature ranges. The element is highly valuable in the electronics age as its unique properties are ideal for solar cells, optoelectronics, and microwave equipment. The arsenide is used in lasers and is also suitable for transistors. ITO (indium tin oxide) is a transparent semiconductor with wide application in displays, touchscreens, etc. In the household, indium as an additive prevents the tarnishing of silverware. Some electronic wristwatches contain indium batteries. 

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