Mercury containing

Routine mass spectrometry can be used to identify many elements from their approximate ratios of isotope abundances. For example, mercury-containing compounds give ions having the seven isotopes in an approximate ratio of 0.2 10.1 17.0 23.1 13.2 29.7 6.8. 

Trace Mercury. There are a number and variety of methods and instmments to determine trace quantities of both inorganic and organic mercury ia natural or synthetic substances (19) (see also Trace and residue analysis). Literature describiag numerous techniques and trace element analysis of a myriad of mercury-containing substances is available (20). Only the most commonly used methods are mentioned hereia. 

Pharmaceuticals. A variety of mercury compounds have had pharmaceutical appHcations over the years, eg, mercury-containing diuretics and antiseptics. Whereas some mercury compounds remain available for use as antiseptics such as merbromin [129-16-8] mercuric oxide, and ammoniated mercury [10124-48-8] or as preservatives such as thimerosal [54-64-8] in dmgs and cosmetics, most have been supplanted by more effective substances. A detailed discussion of mercury-containing antiseptics is available (37). Many hospitals use mercury metal to serve as weight for keeping nasogastric tubes in place within the stomach. 

The mercury contained in the mother Hquid and washings of either method is recovered by treatment with sodium hydroxide solution. Yellow mercuric oxide is precipitated and filtered. The filtrate is treated further to remove the last traces of mercury before it is discarded. 

Decorative eye cosmetic products have been reported to be subject to pathogenic microbial contamination. Regulatory agencies in several countries, therefore, permit the use of mercury-containing preservatives in eye makeups. The infections reported were to a large extent caused by contamination during use, and the introduction of self-sterilising preparations seems warranted. 

Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)methane when treated with NaAc in acetic acid produced (580) as a thermostable explosive (80MIP41600). The conversion of o-nitrotoluene into 2,1-benzisoxazole was effected by mercury(II) oxide catalysis. A mercury containing intermediate was isolated and was demonstrated to be converted into 2,1-benzisoxazole (67AHC(8)277). The treatment of o-nitrotoluene derivative (581) with sulfuric acid gave (582) in 35% yield (72MI41607). 

O The alkyne uses a pair of electrons to attack the electrophilic mercury(II) ion, yielding a mercury-containing vinylic carbocation intermediate. 

Nucleophilic attack of water on the carbocation forms a C-0 bond and yields a protonated mercury-containing enol. 

The crude liquid acid (about 300 g.) is cooled with running water and 15 cc. of concentrated sulfuric acid is added the clear yellow oil becomes cloudy. The acid is esterified by the method described in Org. Syn. 3, 54, with the following changes all three flasks, the alcohol flask, the trap, and the esterification flask are i-l. round-bottom wide-neck flasks. The alcohol flask and the trap are set on adjacent steam baths. The esterification flask is placed in an oil bath which is heated by a free flame. A safety tube leads from the alcohol flask and dips under 7.5 cm. of mercury contained in a side-arm tube. 

C19-0014. The mercury battery, use of which is being discontinued because of the toxicity of mercury, contains HgO and Zn in contact with basic aqueous solution. The redox products are Hg and ZnO. Determine the oxidation and reduction half-reactions and the overall reaction for these batteries. 

Mercuric chloride, other mercury-containing antibacterials and silver will inhibit enzymes in the membrane, and for that matter in the cytoplasm, which contain thiol, -SH, groups. A similar achon is shown by 2-bromo-2-nitropropan-l,3-diol (bronopol) and iso-thiazolones. Under appropriate condihons the toxic action on cell thiol groups may be reversed by addition of an extrinsic thiol compound, for example cysteine or thioglycollic aeid (see also Chapters 12 and 23). 

In selecting reference electrodes for practical use, one should apply two criteria that of reducing the diffusion potentials and that of a lack of interference of RE components with the system being studied. Thus, mercury-containing REs (calomel or mercury-mercuric oxide) are inappropriate for measurements in conjunction with platinum electrodes, since the mercury ions readily poison platinum surfaces. Calomel REs are also inappropriate for systems sensitive to chloride ions. 

The glass tubes contain mercury and are firmly fixed in the ebonite cover of the cell so that the distance between the electrodes may not change during the experiment. Contact with the platinum electrodes is made by dipping the copper wires of the circuit in the mercury contained in the tubes. The coating of the electrodes with platinum black is carried out in order to inhibit polarization. When examining certain electrolytes, platinized electrodes cannot be used since platinum black may catalyze the decomposition or the oxidation of the electrolyte. The cell is maintained at constant temperature thermostatically, as conductivity increases rather significantly with temperature. 

In June 2002, U.S. EPA proposed to add mercury-containing equipment. Other similar wastes may be added to the universal waste regulations in the future. The regulated community may also petition U.S. EPA to include additional wastes in the universal waste program. 

Fluorescent lamps, fluorescent lamp ballasts, batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing thermostats, and other mercury-containing equipment are being singled out for special consideration. Specifically, these electrical and electronic wastes outfall into a regulated category called universal wastes in the United States. 

Federal universal wastes In the United States, the universal wastes (such as batteries, pesticides, thermostats, lamps, and mercury-containing wastes) are decided and legally defined by the U.S. EPA. 

Management and Disposal of Mercury-Containing Equipment Including Lamps... 

In the United States, Federal and State initiatives are assisting the businesses and consumers in managing, reusing, recycling, and disposal of household batteries. These include the Universal Waste Rule and the Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act. 

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