MELAMINE COPOLYMER

Adduct of 5 equiv. Rf(CH2)i-i60H, 2 equiv. polyalkylene glycol, and 7.5 equiv. of poly(alkoxymethyl) melamine [e.g., hex-akis(methoxymethyl) melamine Copolymers of CH2=CR (C02(CH2CH20) (where R R and H, CH3—n = 0-50) and methacrylonitrile... 

The use of hydroxyethyl (also hydroxypropyl) methacrylate as a monomer permits the introduction of reactive hydroxyl groups into the copolymers. This offers the possibility for subsequent cross-linking with an HO-reactive difunctional agent (diisocyanate, diepoxide, or melamine-formaldehyde resin). Hydroxyl groups promote adhesion to polar substrates. 

Figure 4d represents in situ encapsulation processes (17,18), an example of which is presented in more detail in Figure 6 (18). The first step is to disperse a water-immiscible Hquid or soHd core material in an aqueous phase that contains urea, melamine, water-soluble urea—formaldehyde condensate, or water-soluble urea—melamine condensate. In many cases, the aqueous phase also contains a system modifier that enhances deposition of the aminoplast capsule sheU (18). This is an anionic polymer or copolymer (Fig. 6). SheU formation occurs once formaldehyde is added and the aqueous phase acidified, eg, pH 2—4.5. The system is heated for several hours at 40—60°C.

Most of the surface sizes used in North America are modified styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers. Commercially available materials include Scripset (Monsanto/Hercules Inc.), Cypres (Cytec), Sursize (Akzo Nobel), MSA (Morton), NovaCote (Georgia Pacific), and HTl (Hopton Technologies). Styrene acrylate emulsions that are commonly used include Jetsize and Unibond (Akzo Nobel), Basoplast (BASF), and Cypres (Cytec). Other materials used as surface sizes include acrylonitrile acrylate copolymer (Basoplast, BASF), stearylated melamine resin (Sequapel, Sequa), polyurethane (Graphsize, Vining Chemicals), and diisobutylene maleic anhydride copolymers (Baysynthol, Bayer). 

Uses. Dicyandiamide is used as a raw material for the manufacture of several chemicals, such as guanamines, biguanide and guanidine salts, and various resias. Siace 1975, it has also been used ia the manufacture of potassium or sodium dicyanamide which are used as iasecticides and ia chemotherapy. Melamine has extensive appHcations ia the resia and plastic iadustry guanamines are used as copolymers (qv) ia many resia compositions. Guanidine phosphate [1763-07-1] is employed as a fire retardant ia appHcations where water solubiHty is not a drawback. 

Sanding is carried out at this stage and, after clean-up, the final colour or top-coat is applied. There is some variation in the resin chemistry used. Alkyds crosslinked with melamine-formaldehyde are widely used for non-metallic pigmentation. Metallics are usually based on acrylics for better durability. The acrylic may be thermoset with melamine-formaldehyde or a thermoplastic lacquer (plasticised copolymer of methyl methacrylate). A thickness of about 50ftm is applied and stoved for 20 min at 130°C (lacquers receive a bake-sand-bake process for a smoother appearance). 

POLYESTER(TS) POLYETHYLENE A COPOLYMERS POLYIMIDE MELAMINES POLYPHENLENE SULFIDE... 

Kinetic Model. All of the coatings used in this study are hydroxy functional acrylic copolymers crosslinked with melamine formaldehyde crosslinkers. The chemistry of crosslinking with melamine formaldehyde crosslinkers has been discussed in detail elsewhere (5.11). The type and rate of the reactions depend primarily on... 

Other NAD microspheres are composed of styrene, MMA, hydroxyethyl acrylate, acrylic acid and acrylonitrile and are blended with acrylic copolymers and melamine/formaldehyde resins [341,342]. Particles of this polymer are used as rheology modifiers to prevent sagging in automotive coatings and for controlling the orientation of metal flake pigments. 

The question whether the intramolecularly crosslinked microparticles of non-aqueous polymer dispersions are really microgels is also justified, considering non-aqueous dispersions prepared from acrylic copolymers and melamine/formaldehyde crosslinker with particle sizes of about 300 nm. [45, 343]. In any case, these crosslinked polymeric microparticles are useful constituents of high-solids coatings, imparting a yield stress to those solutions which probably involves attractive forces between the microparticles. 

Modern life and civilization opened the way to other important practical applications of heterocycles, for example dyestuffs, copolymers, solvents, photographic sensitizers and developers, and in the rubber industry antioxidants and vulcanization accelerators. Some of the sturdiest polymers, such as Kevlar, have aromatic rings. Melamines (2,4,6-triamino-substituted s-triazines) are monomers with numerous applications as both homopolymers and copolymers. Scheme 9 shows a few examples of compounds with various applications in our daily life, having in common the same building block, the aromatic s-triazine. 

Plastics can be classified as thermoplastic or thermosetting. Thermoplastics are materials that can be repeatedly softened by heat and hardened by cooling. Typical of the thermoplastic family are the styrene polymers and copolymers, acrylics, cellulosics, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, vinyls, and nylons. Thermoset polymers are those that undergo chemical reactions induced by heat, pressure, catalysts, and ultraviolet (UV) light, leading to an infusible state. Typical plastics in the thermosetting family are amines (melamine. 

Expandable PS Thermoplastic urethane Abietic acid derivatives Polyester fiber Chlorinated polyether resins Butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers Melamine resin Polyurethane filament Cast epoxy Nylon-6... 

Sytrene-butadiene (Buna-S) and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) (Buna-N) copolymer elastomers Melamine-formaldehyde (ME) resins Nylon-6 (Schlack)... 

The principal synthetic polymers used as coatings are alkyd resins, styrene copolymers, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), urea, melamine, phenolic and epoxy... 

PolyHIPE materials have also been prepared by polycondensation in high internal phase emulsions [153]. Thus, a resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) porous copolymer was synthesised from an o/w HIPE of cyclohexane in an aqueous solution of resorcinol, formaldehyde and surfactant. Addition of an acid catalyst to the emulsion, followed by heating, resulted in copolymerisation. Other systems prepared included urea-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde and a polysiloxane-based elastomeric species. 

Copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene Polydimethylphenylsiloxane Phenol-formaldehyde resins Urea-formaldehyde resins Melamine-formaldehyde resins... 

The principal kinds of thermoplastic resins include (1) acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins (2) acetals (3) acrylics (4) cellulosics (5) chlorinated polyelliers (6) fluorocarbons, sucli as polytelra-fluorclliy lene (TFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) (7) nylons (polyamides) (8) polycarbonates (9) poly elliylenes (including copolymers) (10) polypropylene (including copolymers) ( ll) polystyrenes and (12) vinyls (polyvinyl chloride). The principal kinds of thermosetting resins include (1) alkyds (2) allylics (3) die aminos (melamine and urea) (4) epoxies (5) phenolics (6) polyesters (7) silicones and (8) urethanes,... 

MC MDI MEKP MF MMA MPEG MPF NBR NDI NR OPET OPP OSA PA PAEK PAI PAN PB PBAN PBI PBN PBS PBT PC PCD PCT PCTFE PE PEC PEG PEI PEK PEN PES PET PF PFA PI PIBI PMDI PMMA PMP PO PP PPA PPC PPO PPS PPSU Methyl cellulose Methylene diphenylene diisocyanate Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide Melamine formaldehyde Methyl methacrylate Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether Melamine-phenol-formaldehyde Nitrile butyl rubber Naphthalene diisocyanate Natural rubber Oriented polyethylene terephthalate Oriented polypropylene Olefin-modified styrene-acrylonitrile Polyamide Poly(aryl ether-ketone) Poly(amide-imide) Polyacrylonitrile Polybutylene Poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile) Polybenzimidazole Polybutylene naphthalate Poly(butadiene-styrene) Poly(butylene terephthalate) Polycarbonate Polycarbodiimide Poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyethylene Chlorinated polyethylene Poly(ethylene glycol) Poly(ether-imide) Poly(ether-ketone) Polyethylene naphthalate Polyether sulfone Polyethylene terephthalate Phenol-formaldehyde copolymer Perfluoroalkoxy resin Polyimide Poly(isobutylene), Butyl rubber Polymeric methylene diphenylene diisocyanate Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methylpentene) Polyolefins Polypropylene Polyphthalamide Chlorinated polypropylene Poly(phenylene oxide) Poly(phenylene sulfide) Poly(phenylene sulfone)... 

JP 05125345 (Japanese) 1993 Poly(vinyl butyral) blend adhesive composition for flexible printed circuit boards Ube Industries, Japan H Inoe, S Takabayashi, T Muramatsu, T Funakoshi Formulated resins having good flexibility and heat resistance are useful adhesives for polyimide/Cu foil laminated circuit boards Maleimide-terminated siloxane-imide block copolymers were formulated with poly(vinyl butyral) and melamine resins to give adhesive compositions. 

The combination of melamine with hydrated mineral fillers can improve the fire retardancy behavior of PP, eliminating at the same time the afterglow phenomenon associated with these fillers used in isolation.70 Similarly in EVA copolymer, antimony trioxide used in combination with metal hydroxides has been reported to reduce incandescence.56 Chlorinated and brominated flame retardants are sometimes used in combination with metal hydroxides to provide a balance of enhanced fire-retardant efficiency, lower smoke evolution, and lower overall filler levels. For example, in polyolefin wire and cable formulations, magnesium hydroxide in combination with chlorinated additives was reported to show synergism and reduced smoke emission.71... 

Alkyd and polyester resins, epoxy compounds, phenol-formaldehyde resin, urea and/or melamine-aldehyde resin, cyclic urea resin, carbamide acid ester formaldehyde resin, ketone formaldehyde resin, polyurethane, polyvinylester, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride and polymer mixtures, polyethylene, polystryrene, styrene mixtures and graft copolymers, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyvinyl ether, polyacrylic and methacrylic acid esters, polyvinyl flouride, polyvinylidene chloride copolymers, UV and/or electron irradiated lacquers. 

Another contrarian, DSM in the Netherlands, had been a state-owned company before it became privatized, a process that began in 1989 and was completed in 1996. From its past it had inherited positions in fertilizers, industrial chemicals, and such intermediates as melamine and caprolactam as well as polyolefins, with access to basic olefins through its own crackers in Geleen, Netherlands. In 1997 DSM acquired the polyethylene and polypropylene operations of FIuls (VEBA) with the Gelsenkirchen site. The company had also diversified into elastomers, having purchased in the United States the Copolymer Rubber and Chemical Corporation, which contributed to DSM s expansion into the fields of ethylene propylene, styrene butadiene, and nitrile rubbers. DSM is also a supplier of industrial resins and engineering... 

It also can be produced directly from natural gas, methane, and other aliphatic hydrocarbons, but this process yields mixtures of various oxygenated materials. Because both gaseous and liquid formaldehyde readily polymerize at room temperature, formaldehyde is not available in pure form. It is sold instead as a 37 percent solution in water, or in the polymeric form as paraformaldehyde [HO(CH20)nH], where n is between 8 and 50, or as trioxane (CH20)3. The greatest end use for formaldehyde is in the field of synthetic resins, either as a homopolymer or as a copolymer with phenol, urea, or melamine. It also is reacted with acetaldehyde to produce pentaerythritol [C(CH2OH)4], which finds use in polyester resins. Two smaller-volume uses are in urea-formaldehyde fertilizers and in hexamethylenetetramine, the latter being formed by condensation with ammonia. 

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