Measurements Ontario

The impact of Ice Storm 98 was unprecedented in Canadian electric power system history. The Ontario Hydro Report provides a chronology of the twenty-three major storms that have impacted the system since 1942. The report also provides a detailed inventory of the effects, consequences, and mitigation measures taken due to the ice storm. The estimated direct total cost to Ontario due to the ice storm is 472 inillioii (Canadian), which includes costs incurred by Ontario I lydro, local Ontario and federal governments, the Insurance Bureau of Canada and associated insurance companies, the Department of National Defence, and affected customers, incliidiiig... 

Evidence for this human health linkage has been suggested from (a) epidemiologic studies of exposed human populations, (b) human volunteer studies, and (c) animal experiments 14). Air pollution levels measured in southwestern Ontario, for instance, have been compared with hospital... 

TeleStroke consultation can therefore be performed quickly. Its efficiency compares quite favorably to the management of patients in rural Ontario" who receive rt-PA after transfer from a rural hospital to a tertiary-care center (the so-called ship and drip model). The patients located in mral Ontario had a mean total time of 138 minutes between presentation at the rural facility and dmg delivery at the tertiary-care center. The door-to-bolus time at the community hospitals linked to our TeleStroke service was 106 minutes, only 36 minutes longer than that measured by the urban acute stroke service in Houston, which permitted a mean door-to-bolus time of 70 minutes. Whereas the door-to-consult time within a telemedicine system may decrease with training and practice, interfacility transfer times, such as those observed in Ontario, are not easily shortened. 

Incorporate other measures to track disease progress. Use radiography to assess severity of joint destruction, determine 50-ft walking time and grip strength, and administer the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire, where appropriate, to assess activities of daily living. 

Roy MM, Gordon CL, Beaumont LF, et al. 1997. Further experience with bone lead content measurements in residents of southern Ontario. Appl Radiat Isot 48 391-396. 

Keith Consulting, Summary of Uranium City, Saskatchewan, Remedial Measures for Radiation Reduction with Special Attention to Vent Fan Theory, presented at Workshop on Radon and Radon Daughters in Urban Communities Associated with Uranium Mining and Processing, Port Hope, Ontario (1980). 

Other measures include the clinician s global assessment based on the patient s history of activities and limitations caused by OA, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthrosis Index, Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire, and documentation of analgesic or NSAID use. 

Anlauf KG, Bottenheim JW, Brice KA. 1985. Measurement of atmospheric aerosols and photochemical products at a rural site in SW Ontario. Atmos Environ 19(11) 1859-1870. 

Mirex concentrations were measured in 78 snapping turtles collected from 16 sites in southern Ontario, Canada, during 1988--1989 to evaluate the risk to human health (Herbert et al. 1993). 

The data in Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and of the Swedish lakes were measured only in surface waters. The Swedish lakes are in crystalline area and have somewhat lower pH values. In these lakes and in Lake Baikal there is no CaC03 precipitation. 

The three silicates obtained from Wards Scientific Establishment and employed in this study are obsidian from St. Helena, California, microline from Ontario, Canada and albite from South Dakota. The bulk of the samples were crushed and sieved to between 211 and 423 (im. Fines were removed by repeated ultrasonic cleaning and decantation. Measured BET... 

Toxi-ChromoPad (EBPI, Ontario, Canada) is a simple method for evaluation of the toxicity of solid particles [25,26,32,39]. The test is based on the inhibition of the synthesis of (3-galactosidase in E. coli after exposure to pollutants. The method has been used to measure acute toxicity of sediment and soil and other solid samples. The test bacterial suspension is mixed with homogenized samples and incubated for 2 hours. A drop of the test solution is pipetted onto a fiberglass filter containing an adsorbed substrate. A color reaction indicates the synthesis of enzyme, while a colorless reaction indicates toxicity. It has previously been shown... 

The level of thorium in air have not been measured as frequently as it has for uranium. The concentration of thorium in the atmosphere of the South Pole measured in 1970 ranged between 18 and 83 fg/m, with a mean value of 59 fg/m (1 fg = 10 g). The origin of thorium in the polar atmosphere was speculated to be either crustal weathering or the ocean water (Zoller et al. 1974). The thorium level in the air of Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada was reported to be 7.1 pg/m... 

Ptacek CJ, Gillham RW. 1992. Laboratory and field measurements of nonequilibrium transport in the Borden aquifer, Ontario, Canada. Journal Contaminant Hydrology 10 119-158. 

Serum nickel levels in hospital workers averaged 0.6 0.3 pg/L in Sudbury, Ontario, versus 0.2 0.2 pg/L in Hartford, Connecticut (Hopfer et al. 1989). Measurements of nickel content of tap water in these communities were reported as 109 46 and 0.4 0.2 pg/L, respectively (Hopfer et al. 1989). Concentrations of nickel in the blood and urine of workers at a rolling mill in Poland were 18.5 4.0 and 25.7 5.1 pg/L, respectively (Baranowska-Dutkiewicz et al. 1992). Nickel concentrations in the urine of preschool children in Poland were 10.6 4.1 and 9.4 4.7 pg/L for children from an industrial region and a health resort, respectively (Baranowska-Dutkiewicz et al. 1992). After reviewing studies of nickel concentrations in humans, Templeton et al. (1994) indicated that the most reliable reference values were 0.2 pg/L for nickel in serum of healthy adults and 1-3 pg/L for nickel in urine. These values are dependent on food and fluid intake and environmental factors. Fewer studies of nickel in whole blood were identified, and a reference value was not suggested. 

Figure 11.27 summarizes the ratio of the sum of the individual components of NOy to the total NOy measured using conversion to NO (Parrish et al., 1993). These data summarize measurements of NO, N02, PAN, HN03, and particulate nitrate as well as total NOy at Whitetop Mountain (Tennessee), Bondville (Illinois), Scotia (Pennsylvania), and Egbert (Ontario, Canada). The median value (which is less influenced by extremes) of the percentage NOy that can be accounted for ranges from 75 to 94%, with all but the Bondville site being within experimental error of 100%. 

FIGURE 11.27 Ratio of the sum of (NO + N02 + PAN + HNO, + particulate nitrate) measured individually to total measured NO, at three sites in the United States (Whitetop Mountain, Tennessee Bondville, Illinois and Scotia, Pennsylvania) and one in Canada (Egbert, Ontario). The bars represent the range of results and the mid-range lines the median values (adapted from Parrish et al., 1993). 

FIGURE 11.30 Range of surface concentrations of NO, NO, and NO, at a variety of Northern Hemisphere locations. The asterisk is the mean and the horizontal line the median. The bar represents the central 90% of measured values. SNP, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia SLD, Schauinsland, Germany EGB, Egbert, Ontario, Canada and HAR, Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. (Adapted from Emmons et at., 1997.)... 

Blake et al. (1994) measured in northern Quebec and Ontario. p Rudolph et al. (1989) either yearly average or range is given. 

Of the simple alkyl nitrates, methyl nitrate is present in the highest concentration. For example, in measurements made in Schauinsland, a rural area in Germany, concentrations of CH30N02 up to 216 ppt were measured. The median value, however, was only 19 ppt (Flocke et al., 1998). In the same studies, the median concentrations for ethyl nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, 2-pro-pyl nitrate, and 1-butyl nitrate were 9, 3, 12, and 2 ppt, respectively. The sum of the C,-C8 alkyl nitrates averaged 120 ppt, which is only 3% of the NO. Similarly, in rural Ontario, Canada, 17 different organic nitrates were identified in air, but their sum was only 0.5-3% of NOj. (O Brien et al., 1995). In aircraft measurements over the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii, average values for methyl nitrate near the surface were 6 ppt and the sum of C,-C5 alkyl nitrates was <5% of the total NO, (Ridley et al., 1997). 

Macdonald, A. M., K. G. Anlauf, C. M. Banic, W. R. Leaitch, and H. A. Wiebe, "Airborne Measurements of Aqueous and Gaseous Hydrogen Peroxide during Spring and Summer in Ontario, Canada, J. Geopliys. Res., 100, 7253-7262 (1995). 

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