Total direct costs

If the minimal number of operators necessary to run the plant is for example 10 in a 4 shift system all the year through, than there is a total of 40 operators on the payroll. At an average salary of 20,000 a year, the total direct costs for labour are 800,000. 

As part of the total direct costs we also have to consider costs made for supplies and expenses maintenance, 3% of total capital supplies, 25% of direct labour. These figures, calculated back to one kg of L-phenylalanine are given in Table 8.6. 

Further detailed analyses of the ECA data have been extrapolated to USA national costs (Rice and Miller, 1998). It was calculated that the economic costs of mental disorders in 1990 in the USA totalled US 147.8 billion. Anxiety disorders were the most cosdy, amounting to 46.6 billion, just under a third of the total. Direct costs spent on mental health care totalled 67 billion, of which anxiety disorders accounted for only 11 billion (16.5%). Drug costs were 2191 million, of which anxiety disorders accounted for 1167 million—over half Morbidity costs—the value of goods and services not produced because of mental disorders — amounted to 63.1 billion, with anxiety disorders accounting for 34.2 billion, 54.2% of the total. This reflects the high prevalence of anxiety disorders in the community and the high associated rate of lost productivity. In contrast, patients with affective disorders appeared better able to function (Rice and Miller, 1995). In summary, anxiety disorders are common, disruptive and costly to society drug treatment is a substantial element of treatment costs (11%) compared with, say, schizophrenia (2.2%). 

Treating a condition is usually cheaper than not treating it (the offset effect). A Spanish study of panic disorder patients reported an offset effect of 14% following 12 months of drug treatment (Salvador-Carulla et al, 1995). Thus, the total direct costs of health-care use during the previous year and the year following diagnosis were US 29 000 and US 46 000 respectively, but the estimated... 

Total direct costs Fixed charges EUR/year 263678... 

Walsh and Engelhardt estimated the direct costs for insomnia in the United States to be 10.9 billion in 1990, whereas the National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research estimated the direct costs to be 15.4 billion in 1990 (61). Walsh and Engelhardt estimated in 1995 that the total direct costs increased to 13.9 billion. The costs were separated into health care services and substances used for insomnia. 

S/T exchanger M + L total direct cost, = 2.313 x total base cost, (8.2)... 

The total M + L, material and labor cost, is shown in Table 8.12 as a direct cost factor, 231.3. This is a percentage-type cost factor, a percentage of the total base cost. All materials of the fabrication shop and field materials are included. Labor in both the fabrication shop and field are equally included. Thus, this single figure in Table 8.12 is a factor for deriving the total direct cost of a new shell/tube heat exchanger fabricated and field-installed, ready to commission. 

C = original capital investment Cn = new capital investment d = depreciation charge dn = number of drawings and specifications D = total direct cost of plant... 

Total depreciable investment = total direct cost + total indirect cost... 

The total direct cost (TDC) includes both the direct installation costs and the costs of site preparation and buildings. Further, the sum of the total direct cost and total indirect cost (or direct installation costs) is termed the battery limits cost. Finally, the battery limits cost plus the cost of off-site facilities (e.g., a railroad spur) comprise the total depreciable investment. Put simply, this is the portion of the TCI for which the firm is permitted to take a depreciation deduction on its corporate income tax return. The other portion of the TCI, namely, land and working capital, may not be depreciated. Hence, this portion is called the total nondepreciable investment. 

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