Urban communities

Chakravatti, J.L., Control of 222Rn-WL in New Construction at Elliot Lake, presented at Workshop on Radon and Radon Daughters in Urban Communities Associated with Uranium Mining and Processing, Bancroft, Ontario, Atomic Energy Control Board of Canada, AECB-1164 (1979). 

Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four to seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trap Med Hyg 1999 61 707-713. 

Sonne J, Loft S, Dossing M et al. (1991) Single dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral oxazepam in very elderly institutionalised subjects. Br J Chn Pharmacol 31(6) 719-722 Taylor S, McCracken CF, Wilson KC et al. (1998) Extent and appropriateness of benzodiazepine use. Results from an elderly urban community. Br J Psychiatry 173 433—438... 

Perchlorate Breast milk USA 276 Median 4.38 pg/L/ 100% Urban community in Borjian et al. [253]... 

Several small studies have also found measurable perchlorate levels in human urine. For 61 adults living in Georgia, USA, aU urine samples contained measurable levels of perchlorate, with a median of 3.2 pg/L and a log-normal distribution [256]. Similar background levels of perchlorate (median 5.5 pg/L) were detected in urine from 13 subjects in a Southern California study [257]. Similarly, detectable levels of perchlorate were also found in all urine samples provided ( = 273) in an urban community in New Jersey [253]. The range, mean SD, and median for all urine perchlorate samples were 0.18-18.3 pg/L, 3.19 3.64 pg/L, and 2.14 pg/L, respectively. 

Borjian M, Marcella S, Blount B, Greenberg M, Zhang J, Murphy E, Blasini VE, Robson M (2011) Perchlorate exposure in lactating women in an urban community in New Jersey. Sci Total Environ 409 460 64... 

Notwithstanding Tukulti s experience, the primary cause of air pollution for most of history has been wood or coal fires, especially in crowded urban communities. The streets of Rome, for example, were notorious for their terrible, smoky character, caused by thousands of wood and coal fires. In 61 c.E. the Roman philosopher Seneca described how this foul air affected his mood "As soon as I had gotten out of the heavy air of Rome and from the stink of the smokey chimneys thereof, he once wrote, "... I felt an alteration of my disposition. ... 

Perrin JM, Homer CJ, Berwick DM, Wook AD, Freeman JL, Wennberg JE. Variations in rates of hospitalizations of children in three urban communities. N Engl J Med 1989 320 1183-7. 

Weisman MM, Myers JK, Thompson WD. Depression and its treatment in a US urban community. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981 38 417-421. 

Taylor C, McCracken CF, Wilson KC, et al. Extent and appropriateness of benzodiazepine use. Results from an elderly urban community. Br J Psychiatry 1998 173 433-438. 

The largest rivers are shown as solid black lines. The NASQAN stations are located and associated with these rivers and their tributaries the NWQSS stations are located along smaller rivers and usually near agricultural areas and some urban communities. (U.S. Geological Survey.)... 

This occurs surprisingly often Analyses are frequently requested for inmates of county jails and minimum security prisons where alcohol and drug problems are often rampant. Control and treatment of heroin addicts through methadone clinics also requires toxicological analyses in surveillance of their behavior and response to treatment. It is not unusual for a thousand cases of this type to be submitted each month to a laboratory serving an urban community of one million people. 

XJ. S. Publish Health Service, Div. Air Pollution, Survey of Lead in the Atmosphere of Three Urban Communities, Cincinnati, Ohio, January, 1965. 

Sheehan HE. 1995. An urban community faces an environmental hazard Let them eat chromium Mt Sinai J Med 62(5) 332-338. 

The most severe single daily maximum of 0.58 ppm at Rim Forest occurred in June 1970. This concentration exceeds all of the alert levels prescribed by nearby urban communities for example, when oxidant concentrations exceed 0.27 ppm, school children are not permitted to exercise strenuously in the city of Riverside, Calif. 

Surveys of urban areas or areas around single pollutant sources have long been an accepted method of studying the impact of air pollutants on plant species and on ecosystems. These studies are no longer sufficient. This is not to say that useful information cannot be obtained from surveys of urban areas the severity of observable problems in urban communities can be identified and mapped. If these observable effects could then be correlated with long term effects where symptoms are not identifiable, the total extent of the pollution problem within an urban situation could be derived from the surveys. However, the surveys alone will only identify the obvious and will prove inadequate to an understanding of the total impact. 

GCP alone will permit consistent achievement of PCDD/F emissions of 0.5-10 ng I-TEQ m 3, as confirmed by the NITEP trials on the modified Quebec Urban Community MSW incinerator. Maintenance of GCP and operation of the pollution abatement equipment below 200 °C will help achieve further reductions to 0.1 ng I-TEQ m 3 and below. Catalytic oxidation or treatment with activated carbon enables the emission range to be maintained below 0.1 ng I-TEQ m-3 with greater consistency. 

Machines were no longer instruments of slavery but tools of liberation, a gift from God, and it became important therefore to understand them, to improve them, and to build new ones. The machine culture was particularly nursed in Benedictine abbeys, but gradually it went outside their walls, spread into neighbouring urban communities, and entered the shops of artisans and artists. And finally it also knocked at the doors of universities. 

References Bell, Michelle L., Aidan McDermott, Scott L. Zeger, Jonathan M. Samet, Francesca Dominici, et ah, Ozone and Short-Term Mortality in 95 U.S. Urban Communities, 1987—2000, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 292, No. 19, November 17, 2004, pp. 2372—2378 Polakovic, Gary, Smog Woes Back on Horizon, Los Angeles Times, July 15, 2003, p. Al. 

If you live on a farm or in a remote area, you probably obtain your water directly from a well on your property. If you live in an urban community, you probably obtain your water through a municipal or regional water authority. Before the water is made available to you, it is processed at a water treatment plant to remove pollutants. Lake, river, or reservoir water enters the treatment plant, where a number of physical and chemical processes take place. Figure 9.8 summarizes these processes. 

A series of exploratory determinations involving air collected from four California cities was made in autumn of 1963. All but two showed measurable amounts of DDT (4). A variety of pesticides has been found in the air in several urban communities in the United States (51). 

The literature contains ample evidence that the atmosphere may become contaminated locally as the direct result of pesticide application, especially by air-spraying operations. Such occurrences have been documented, for example, by West (12) and Kraybill (7). Tabor (10) has shown that the air over both rural and urban communities contains pesticides, which reflect their use in local agricultural applications and in communities conducting mosquito-control operations. In this study,... 

Nedeltchev K, Fischer U, Arnold M et al. (2007). Low awareness of transient ischemic attacks and risk factors of stroke in a Swiss urban community. Journal of Neurology 254 179-184... 

It has been reported that about 12% of the 63 million children under the age of 18 in the United States suffer from one or more mental disorders, and exposure to toxic substances before or after birth has been identified as one of the several risk factors that appear to make certain children vulnerable to these disorders. Reports have also indicated that fetuses and children are more vulnerable to the effects of certain neurotoxic substances than are adults. Children exposed to a mix of pesticides, including organophosphates, showed diminished short-term memory and disturbed hand-eye coordination and drawing ability, whereas unexposed children of the same tribe showed normal development. Preschool children from agricultural communities in the United States showed poorer performance on motor speed and latency than did those of urban communities. ... 

Pham, T.-T., Proubc, S. (2007) PCBs and PAHs in the Montreal urban community (Quebec, Canada) waterwater treatment plant and in the effluent plume in the St. Lawrence River Water Research, 31 1887-1896. 

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