Contents 2 Measurement

Various methods can be used to analy2e succinic acid and succinic anhydride, depending on the characteristics of the material. Methods generally used to control specifications of pure products include acidimetric titration for total acidity or purity comparison with Pt—Co standard calibrated solutions for color oxidation with potassium permanganate for unsaturated compounds subtracting from the total acidity the anhydride content measured by titration with morpholine for content of free acid in the anhydride atomic absorption or plasma spectroscopy for metals titration with AgNO or BaCl2 for chlorides and sulfates, respectively and comparison of the color of the sulfide solution of the metals with that of a solution with a known Pb content for heavy metals. 

Sand Content. Sand content measurement is the same as for water-base muds except that diesel oil instead of water should be used for dilution. 

The culture broth was recovered after 72 h of fermentation, the biomass removed and the total protein content measured. Broth aliquots with a protein content of 1 mg were collected and their pH regulated at different values ranging from 3.5 to 8.0. To each broth fraction, 50 mg of the microspheres sample, previously equilibrated at the corresponding pH, was added and the suspension left under stirring overnight. Then, the microspheres were removed by centrifugation and the protein content and the PG activity were assayed on the resulting supernatant. 

Figure 14 Comparison of actual volumetric water contents (measured by time domain reflectom-etry) and calculated soil-water flux values (Penman equation) at four soil depths...

P. A. Luft, A. D. McInturfF, J. A. Reimer, M. Yahnke 2002, (The use of a permanent magnet for water content measurements of wood chips.), IEEE Trans Appl. Superconductivity 12 (1), 975-978. 

Roy MM, Gordon CL, Beaumont LF, et al. 1997. Further experience with bone lead content measurements in residents of southern Ontario. Appl Radiat Isot 48 391-396. 

Figure 7 Hydroperoxide index (HI) determined from mid-infrared spectroscopy (ratio of the integrated intensity of the 3,552 cm 1 band to the integrated intensity of the band at 2,010 cm-1) as a function of total hydroperoxide content measured by iodiometric titration.

Liver cells, HepG2, could also be encapsulated in the PMBV/PVA hydrogel, and the cell-specific functions were evaluated. HepG2 cells secrete albumin during cell culture. Culture supernatants were collected and albumin content measured using... 

Total flavonoid content. Quantitative analysis of flavonoids depends on the objective of the study. Colorimetric estimation of total flavonoid content is measured by the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay (Jia and others 1999 Chang and others 2002). The total flavonoid content measured in this way is normally expressed in equivalent values of a standard flavonoid, often catechin or quercetin equivalents. Not all subgroups of flavonoids can be quantified by colorimetric methods however, total anthocyanin content is determined using the pH-differentiation method (Boyles and others 1993). 

Phenol content (measured as gallic acid equivalents) increased initially in fresh-cut carrot treated with different sanitizers and later decreased in a different pattern for each treatment (Ruiz-Cruz and others 2007). Washing treatments significantly affected phenol content. Comparing sanitized shredded carrots with controls (unwashed and water washed), a sharp increase with a maximum value at days 3 and 6 (5.6 to 6 mg/ 100 g) was found, followed by a decline. Final phenol concentration was 0.7 to 1.3 mg/ 100 g for all treatments at the end of the storage period (Ruiz-Cruz and others 2007). 

Bioparticles were periodically sampled and their carbon content measured. The mass of dry biofilm-cells on solid carriers was estimated assuming the following (1) the carbon content is related only to the contribution of biofilm-cells, neglecting the contribution of extra cellular matter (2) the carbon mass fraction of immobilized cells equals the value estimated for free cells, namely 0.44 [60]. 

Fig. 4. Comparison of hydrogen content measurements. The curves show IR absorption measurements, using absorption cross sections of Brodsky el al., and Fang el al., whose absolute calibration was done by NRA, and total hydrogen measurements using 15N nuclear reaction. Note the discrepancy that arises at high hydrogen pressures, because of the presence of hydrogen that is not infrared active. (Reprinted with permission from the American Institute of Physics, Ross, R., Tsong, I.S.T., Messier, R., Lanford., W., Burman, C (1982). J. Vac. Sci. Tech. 20, 406.)...

It should be clear that the RM measured in this way, e. g. 0,1 %, must not be identical with residual moisture contents measured with other methods (see Section 1.3.1) because there will be always some water which cannot be desorbed at the end temperature of the drying. This content of bound water for one product and one temperature is a stable value which can be taken from the measurements of absorption isotherms. 

FIG. 5. Maintenance of the superficial buffer barrier depends on NCX-assisted Ca2+ transport from the SR lumen to the extracellular space. (A) Rate of loss of SR Ca2+ content, measured as a caffeine transient, into Ca2+ free perfusate at room temperature. (B) Rate of decline in [Ca2+ I from an elevated level, measured as fura 2 fluorescence ratio, into Ca2+ free superfusate, which is either Na+ free or contains 10 /rM CPA or is Na+ free and contains CPA. (C) This cartoon represents a model for maintained buffering by the superficial SR of Ca2+ entry. Ca2+ taken up by SERCA is subsequently released into the SR-PM junctional space from where it is extruded by the NCX. 

Plotting the oxygen content measured at a current density of 4 kA m-2 versus the measured anolyte pH, the relationship as shown in Fig. 16.11 is obtained as expected. This proves again the high internal anolyte circulation of the KU Single Element that makes possible an oxygen content of 0.6% in chlorine at an anolyte pH of only 2.5. 

Tryptophan content measured colorimetrically on enzyme-hydrolyzed material. 

Proteins are the major components by bulk in many biological samples and hence the weighing of a dried sample should give an estimate of the amount of protein present. Similarly, solutions that contain protein show values for specific gravity and surface tension which are in some way related to protein content. Measurements of the turbid ity resulting from the precipitation of protein and the absorption of radiation at specif ic wavelengths have all been used quantitatively... 

The differences found in the NH3 content of the cowshed air during the use of the different Utters were not as clear as in the case of dust contents. The contents measured were generally very low. 

Gati WP, Paterson ARP, Larratt LM, Turner AR, Belch AR 1997. Sensitivity of acute leukemia cells to cytarabine is a correlate of cellular es nucleoside transporter site content measured by flow cytometry with SAENTA-fluorescein. Blood 90 346-53. 

Fluxes (mg m d-i) of organic carbon and biochemical classes at 9°N, 5°N, and the equator. Compound class fluxes are in mg of compound, not mg C. The amino acids are present as peptides. Fluxes for net plankton are derived from primary production rates and measurements of biochemical content of net plankton. Fluxes into surface sediments were calculated using the sediment Corg content and accumulation rates and biochemical content measurements. Source From Wakeham, S. G., et al. (1997). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 5363-5369. 

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