Measurements on Individuals

ISO EN 9886 presents the principles, methods, and interpretation of measurements of relevant human physiological responses to hot, moderate, and cold environments. The standard can be used independently or to complement other standards. Four physiological measures are considered body core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, and body mass loss. Comments are also provided on the technical requirements, relevance, convenience, annoyance to the subject, and cost of each of the physiological measurements. The use of ISO 9886 is mainly for extreme cases, where individuals are exposed to severe environments, or in laboratory investigations into the influence of the thermal environment on humans. 

Subject scales are useful in the measurement of subjective responses of persons exposed to thermal environments. They are particularly useful in moderate environments and can be used independently or to complement the use of the objective methods (e.g., thermal indices) that were described previously. ISO EN 10551 presents the principles and methodology behind the construction and use of subjective scales and provides examples of scales that can be used to assess thermal environments. 

Required +0.. C Desirable iO.2 Ci These levels sltall Ix yuaranrecd af least for a deviation equal to 10 C 

These levels are ditfieuir or even imjxjssible fo achieve in certain cases wirh the equip-menr normally available. When they cannot be achieved, indicate the actual measuring precision 

i0 C Required 0.,5 C Desirable 0.2 C These levels shall be guafanreed at least lor a deviation 

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The ability to make optical measurements on individual molecules and submicroscopic aggregates, one at a time, is a valuable new tool in several areas of molecular science. By eliminating inlromogeneous broadening it allows pure spectroscopy to be perfonned witli unprecedented precision in certain condensed phase systems. As an analytical method it pennits tire rapid detection of certain analytes witli unmatched sensitivity. Finally, it is revolutionizing our... 

Early transport measurements on individual multi-wall nanotubes [187] were carried out on nanotubes with too large an outer diameter to be sensitive to ID quantum effects. Furthermore, contributions from the inner constituent shells which may not make electrical contact with the current source complicate the interpretation of the transport results, and in some cases the measurements were not made at low enough temperatures to be sensitive to 1D effects. Early transport measurements on multiple ropes (arrays) of single-wall armchair carbon nanotubes [188], addressed general issues such as the temperature dependence of the resistivity of nanotube bundles, each containing many single-wall nanotubes with a distribution of diameters d/ and chiral angles 6. Their results confirmed the theoretical prediction that many of the individual nanotubes are metallic. 

Brown E, Hao L, Gallop JC, Macfarlane JC (2005) Ballistic thermal and electrical conductance measurements on individual multi wall carbon nanotubes. Applied Physics Letters 87 2-3. 

Methods used for the measurement of crystal growth rates are either a) direct measurement of the linear growth rate of a chosen crystal face or b) indirect estimation of an overall linear growth rate from mass deposition rates measured on individual crystals or on groups of freely suspended crystals 35,41,47,48). 

The complexity of the data generated by multiparameter flow cytometric analysis means that the scatter and fluorescence measurements from individual cells are stored on the computer in the form of a list (list mode data). This means that the relationships between measurements on individual cells is preserved, and these relationships can be explored by effectively rerunning the analysis on the computer. 

As a whole, the Earth s continental crust probably contains around 1.0-1.8 mg kg-1 of arsenic (Faure, 1998, 513 Krauskopf and Bird, 1995, 590 Wedepohl, 1995, 1220 Table 3.3). However, arsenic measurements on individual continents or parts of continents may significantly deviate from this range. As listed in Table 3.3, Gao et al. (1998, 1970) estimated the arsenic concentrations of the continental crusts of eastern China as 1.2-4.1 mg kg-1. The continental crust of eastern China as a whole has an arsenic composition of about 3.0 mg kg-1. 

Fluorine enrichment measured on individual apatite crystals by TEM-... 

Fig. 5.10 DSC measurements on individual samples of polymorphs R, Y, OP and ON of 5-XII (see caption for Fig. 5.9 for definition of terms), recorded at 10 °C min , each exhibiting homogeneous melting. Inset DSC trace of a mixture of the four modifications, recorded at 0.5 °C min, showing better separated melting endotherms and exotherms resulting from crystallization from supercooled melts, (from Yu et al. 2000, with permission.)...

Combined noble gas and trace element measurements on individual stratospheric interplanetary dust particles. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 3T, 1323-1335. 

Kehm K., Flynn G. J., Sutton S. R., and Hohenberg C. M. (2002) Combined noble gas and trace element measurements on individual stratospheric interplanetary dust particles. Meteorit. Planet. Set 37, 1323-1335. 

Isotopic and Geochronologic Measurements on Individual Mineral Grains Contrasting Provenance of H3 and H6... 

Fig. 11.4. Ultraviolet absorbance measurements on individual fractions from a CsCl gradient. The centre peak is DNA. The absorbance at the bottom of the gradient is probably due to RNA.

Bonet et al. (1999) performed the first three dimensional switching field measurements on individual magnetic nanoparticles of barium ferrite in the size range 10-20 nm. They showed conclusively that the total anisotropy energies of such particles of hexagonal symmetry could not be modelled as uniaxial but that a hexagonal anisotropy... 

Theoretical stability analysis as well as measurements on individual droplets have shown, that depends upon the viscosity ratio in the range Hi/n < 0.1 ... 

W. M. Arnold and U. Zimmermann, Electro-rotation development of a technique for dielectric measurements on individual cells and particles, J. Electrostal., 21, 151-191 (1988). 

However, the experimental data discussed so far still constitute superimposed spectra of many different carbon nano tubes. Measurements on individual tubes would mean an improvement here. This requires some experimental effort, but by... 

Kelley, T.W. and Frisbie, C.D., Point contact current-voltage measurements on individual organic semiconductor grains by conducting probe atomic force microscopy,... 

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