Water oceans

SMOW. standard mean ocean water (a standard for oxygen and hydrogen isotopes)... 

The Bathythermograph. The thermistor sensing probe of a disposable bathythermograph is coated with parylene. This instmment is used to chart the ocean water temperature as a function of depth. Parylene provides the needed insulation resistance and is thin and uniform enough to permit a rapid and accurate response to the temperature of the surrounding salt water (64). 

Eig. 4. The bulk oxygen isotopic composition of different meteorite classes where (—) is the terrestial fractionation line. The 5 notation refers to the normalized difference between or ratios to those in standard mean ocean water (SMOW) in relative units of parts per thousand. The... 

Dissolved Minerals. The most significant source of minerals for sustainable recovery may be ocean waters which contain nearly all the known elements in some degree of solution. Production of dissolved minerals from seawater is limited to fresh water, magnesium, magnesium compounds (qv), salt, bromine, and heavy water, ie, deuterium oxide. Considerable development of techniques for recovery of copper, gold, and uranium by solution or bacterial methods has been carried out in several countries for appHcation onshore. These methods are expected to be fully transferable to the marine environment (5). The potential for extraction of dissolved materials from naturally enriched sources, such as hydrothermal vents, may be high. 

Potassium Bromide. Potassium bromide [7758-02-3] KBr, can be prepared by a variation of the process by which bromine is absorbed from ocean water. Potassium carbonate is used instead of sodium carbonate ... 

Freshwater is withdrawn from various sources (rivers, lakes, groundwater, etc) and used many times before its discharge to the ocean. Water uses can generally be classified as follows pubHc water supply (domestic) industrial commercial and institutional, eg, restaurants, schools agricultural and hve stock. 

Ocean water has an osmotic pressure of about 2.6 MPa, with some locations as high as 3.5 MPa. Recovery (/ ) is normally around 45 percent, occasionally higher. Osmotic pressure in the concentrate rises as 1/(1 — / ) and significant overpressure (at least 1 MPa) is required to maintain good-quality permeate. Normal operating pressures are 6-8 MPa. 

Thorinm-232 is the only non-radiogenic thorium isotope of the U/Th decay series. Thorinm-232 enters the ocean by continental weathering and is mostly in the particulate form. Early measurements of Th were by alpha-spectrometry and required large volume samples ca. 1000 T). Not only did this make sample collection difficult, but the signal-to-noise ratio was often low and uncertain. With the development of a neutron activation analysis " and amass spectrometry method " the quality of the data greatly improved, and the required volume for mass spectrometry was reduced to less than a liter. Surface ocean waters typically have elevated concentrations of dissolved and particulate 17,3 7,62... 

Liquid waste disposal—evaporation, deep well injection (don t forget filtration and treating), mixing with river or ocean water (don t forget treating)... 

Sodium, 22 700 ppm (2.27%) is the seventh most abundant element in crustal rocks and the fifth most abundant metal, after Al, Fe, Ca and Mg. Potassium (18 400 ppm) is the next most abundant element after sodium. Vast deposits of both Na and K salts occur in relatively pure form on all continents as a result of evaporation of ancient seas, and this process still continues today in the Great Salt Lake (Utah), the Dead Sea and elsewhere. Sodium occurs as rock-salt (NaCl) and as the carbonate (trona), nitrate (saltpetre), sulfate (mirabilite), borate (borax, kemite), etc. Potassium occurs principally as the simple chloride (sylvite), as the double chloride KCl.MgCl2.6H2O (camallite) and the anhydrous sulfate K2Mg2(S04)3 (langbeinite). There are also unlimited supplies of NaCl in natural brines and oceanic waters ( 30kgm ). Thus, it has been calculated that rock-salt equivalent to the NaCl in the oceans of the world would occupy... 

Because of their reactivity, the halogens do not occur in the free elemental state but they are both widespread and abundant in the form of their ions, X. Iodine also occurs as iodate (see below). In addition to large halide mineral deposits, particularly of NaCl and KCl, there are vast quantities of chloride and bromide in ocean waters and brines. 

Chlorine is the twentieth most abundant element in crustal rocks where it occurs to the extent of 126 ppm (cf. nineteenth V, 136 ppm, and twenty-first Cr, 122 ppm). The vast evaporite deposits of NaCl and other chloride minerals have already been described (pp. 69, 73). Dwarfing these, however, are the inconceivably vast reserves in ocean waters (p. 69) where more than half the total average salinity of 3.4 wt% is due to chloride ions (1.9 wt%). Smaller quantities, though at higher concentrations, occur in certain inland seas and in subterranean brine wells, e.g. the Great Salt Lake, Utah (23% NaCl) and the Dead Sea, Israel (8.0% NaCl, 13.0% MgCU, 3.5% CaCU). 

As a hurricane travels over warm ocean water, it lowers the sea surface temperature by about 3°C m a 100 km swath. When a hurricane is stationaiy, this surface ocean cooling weakens the storm intensity. Hurricanes also rapidly lose strength when they move over cold water or land. 

There are three potential types of OTEC power plants opcii-cyclc, closed-cycle, and hybrid systems. Open-cycle OTEC systems exploit the fact that water boils at temperatures below its normal boiling point when it is under lower than normal pressures. Open-cycle systems convert warm surface water into steam in a partial vacuum, and then use this steam to drive a large turbine connected to an electrical generator. Cold water piped up from deep below the oceans surface condenses the steam. Unlike the initial ocean water, the condensed steam is desalinated (free of salt) and may be collected and used for drinking or irrigation. 

The dissolved oxygen content of surface oceanic water is mainly determined by its biological history it always tends, by solution from the air, towards... 

A single-celled animal lives in a fresh-water lake. The cell is transferred into ocean water. Does it stay the same, shrink, or burst Explain why. 

Table 25-11. an average composition of ocean water (disregarding DISSOLVED GASES)... 

In Table 25-11 are shown the concentrations (in number of moles per 1000 grams of ocean water) of water and of the most abundant ions. 

Several facts become apparent. There are fewer Na+ ions than Cl- ions other positively charged ions—Mg+2, Ca+2, and K+—are also present. Sulfate ions, S04 2, and bromide ions, Br-, are other negatively charged ions present in the water. Thus, ocean water is more than a solution of sodium chloride. Another fact is that K+ ions are much less plentiful than Na+ ions (Na+/K+ is about 46) even though K+ ions are rather plentiful in the earth (Na+/K+ is about 2). 

Observation, 2,15 Ocean, composition of, 440 Ocean water, composition, 439 n-Octadecane, properties, 341 Octahedral complex, 393 Octane, 46, 338 properties, 341 Octanamide, 339 Octanoic acid, 339 1-Octanol, 338 Octaves, Law of, 104 Octyl alcohol, 338 1-Octylamine, 338... 

Amount of ocean water having a density between pi and P2-... 

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