Measures of pollution

If the hypothesis or model does not seem to be a good predictor of what is happening in the building, you probably need to collect more information about the occupants, HVAC system, pollutant pathways, or contaminant sources. Under some circumstances, detailed or sophisticated measurements of pollutant concentrations or ventilation quantities may be required. Outside assistance may be needed if repeated efforts fail to produce a successful hypothesis or if the information required calls for instruments and procedures that are not available in-house. Analysis of the information collected during the LAQ investigation could produce any of the following results ... 

BOD Biological oxygen demand expressed as ppm or mg/1, it is used as a measure of pollution. 

Corrosion of metals and alloys. Corrosivity of atmospheres. Methods of measurement of pollution... 

The Situation and the Measures of Pollution Preventions and Control of Polychlorbiphenyl Control in China (SHAO Chunyan, China)... 

MOP1TT Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere Ozone Monitoring Instrument TR, profiles Total column of CO, CH, + CO profiles NASA TERRA (2000)... 

In the next few years a number of important atmospheric remote sensing missions are planned by NASDA, NASA and ESA. NASDA has constructed a second ADEOS satellite which will have POLDER and ILAS-II (Improved Limb Atmospheric Sounder) on board. The NASA-TERRA platform was launched at the end of 1999 and has the MOPITT instrument (Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere), which aims to measure vertical profiles of carbon monoxide and methane in the troposphere. MOPITT is a Canadian instrument supported by an international science team. 

A good example of such a step is the U.S./Russian expedition of 1995 which obtained on-site measurements of pollution levels in the Yenisey and its tributary the Angara, in its attempt to investigate the likely origins of land-based sources contributing to pollution levels in the Yenisey estuary. 

MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere Marine Observation Satellite... 

The results of a 1987 field test of vehicle emissions in Los Angeles, in which measurements of pollutant concentrations in the air were used to compute actual on-the-road vehicle emissions, surprised the technical community (Pierson et al., 1990). Concentrations of CO and HCs averaged 2.7 and 3.8 times higher, respectively, than predicted by the emission inventory models that are the basis for predictions of mobile source emissions. More recent studies show that the measured values of HCs and CO are about 2 times the predicted concentrations. The remote-sensing and road side data show that about 50% of the CO and HC emissions come from 10% of the vehicles. What was not expected were the high emission rates detected in the worst 20% of more recent model cars (Calvert et al., 1963). 

Sprague JB. 1970. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish. II. Utilizing and applying bioassay results. Water Res 4 3-32. 

A mobile ICP-MS has been used for on-site measurements of polluted soils [331]. A rapid digestion procedure was developed in order to reduce sample analysis time for the rapid identification of heavy metal anomalies near a mine dump where no vegetation was growing. 

ISO 9225, Corrosion ofMetals and Alloys-corrosivity of Atmospheres Measurement of Pollution, Geneva, Switzerland, 1992. 

Blumenthal, D. L. Keifer, W. S. McDonald, J. A. "Aircraft measurements of pollutants and meteorological parameters during the Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE) program, Electric Power Research Institute Report No. EA-1909, 1981. 

Thchnical issues associated with measurement of pollutants in environmental samples, and... 

The application of optical immunosensors for environmental monitoring started some years ago. The use of sensors for the measurement of pollutants is a viable alternative in environmental control where it is important to develop sensors of small size, that are reliable, sensitive and selective, for operation in situ and produced by a low cost technology. Several applications have been reported mainly applied to pesticide detection (herbicides, biocides, etc.). The SPR technology has been applied to many environmental problems, mainly for the detection of pollutants in the aquatic environment, such as... 

This evaluation of the potential impact od solid waste incineration on the neighbouring environment involves the measurement of pollutant stack discharge, ambient air concentrations and atmospheric deposition rates. 

Grant, W.B. and Menzies, R.T., 1983. A survey of laser and selected optical systems for remote measurement of pollutant gas concentrations. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 33 187-194. 

From the Chapter Resources menu, choose Web Works. Locate the Chapter 16 section, and click on the link to the executive summary of the Lake Champlain Basin Agricultural Watersheds Project. The report summarizes a project to improve water quality in Lake Champlain in Vermont and New York. Based on your reading of the report, what appears to be the primary general cause of the eutrophication of Lake Champlain What types of industry are the sources of the pollution What measures have been taken to reduce the pollution Briefly describe the experimental design to determine whether these measures have been effective. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TPCN) determinations were one of the quantities measured in this study name three others. Explain how TKN provides a measure of pollution in the lake. Based on the TKN measurements and other data in the report, have the pollution abatement measures been effective What are the final recommendations of the report ... 

Sprague, J.B. (1971) Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish III Sub-lethal effects and safe concentrations. Water Research, 5, 245-266. 

Accurate measurements of pollutants, such as NO and CO, from industrial sources are of increasing importance in view of strict air quality regulations. Based on such measurements, companies may have to pay significant fines, stop production, install... 

Dietrich AM (1996) Measurement of pollutants chemical species. Water Environ Res 68 391-406... 

Atmospheric Aerosols, is in atmospheric reactivity of sea-salt aerosols and urban air pollution control. Measurements of pollutants, physical and chemical modelling of secondary pollutants production and propagation in the urban and rural areas are performed. 

Tbe luminescence of GGA solutions were estimated using the bacterial chip system in order to produce a calibration plot for measurement of pollution containing biodegradable substances. The luminescent intensity was correlated with concentration of BOD standard (GGA) solution. The bioluminescence increased linearly with concentration up to approximately 50 ppm. Measurement of BOD values less than 50 ppm has been achieved. The bght intensity reached saturation at concentrations of over 100 ppm. Detection limit was approximately 1(X) ppm, and the minimum measurable BOD was 1 ppm. Based on the logarithmic curve which was obtained by the measurement with a chemi-imager, two linear calibration curves and equations were estimated and approximated... 

In view of mans inability to adapt to major environmental changes, pollution is equated with disturbance of ecological balance and loss of stability. Increasing the chemical diversity (number of components and phases) makes an equilibrium system more resistant toward external influences imposed on the system. In an ecosystem, its members are interlocked by various feedback loops (homeostasis) and thus adapted to coexistence for mutual advantage increased diversity makes the system less subject to perturbations and enhances its survival. Because various kinds of disturbance cause similar patterns of change in aquatic ecosystems and affect their stability in a predictable way, general measures of pollution control beyond those of waste treatment can be outlined which mitigate the conflict between resource exploitation and protection of natural waters. 

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