Optical immunosensors

Types of biosensors can be named either by the biological components, physical transducing devices, or the measured analytes. Researchers were originally using biological components to define types of biosensors (Table 2). Types of transducers had also been included in the name to identify the physical transducing device, i.e., enzyme electrodes, acoustic-immunosensors, optical biosensors, piezoelectric-immunosensors, and biochips. 

Fiber Optic Affinity Sensors, Immunosensors and Gene Sensors... 

Bluenstein B., Walczak I., Chen S.Y., Fiber-optic evanescent-wave immunosensors for medical diagnostics, Trends Biotechnol 1990 161-168. 

Heideman R.G., H. Kooyman R. P., Greve J., Performance of a highly sensitive optical waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer immunosensor, Sensors and Actuators B 1993 10 209-217. 

Akkoyun A., Bilitewski U., Optimisation of glass surfaces for optical immunosensors,... 

Optical immunosensors are based on the measurement of the absorption or emission of light induced by the immunoreactants [9], They can also be based on evanescent... 

E. Mallat, C. Barzen, R. Abuknesha, G. Gauglitz, and D. Barcelo, Part per trillion level determination of isoproturon in certified and estuarine water samples with a direct optical immunosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 426, 209-216 (2001). 

E. Mallat, C. Barzeb, A. Klotz, A. Brecht, G. Gauglits, and D. Barcelo, River Analyzer for chlorotri-azines with a direct optical immunosensor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 965—971 (1999). 

C. Barzen, A. Brecht, and G. Gauglitz, Optical multiple-analyte immunosensor for water pollution control. Biosens. Bioelectron. 17, 289—295 (2002). 

S. Rodriguez-Mozaz, S. Reder, M. Lopez de Alda, G. Gauglitz, and D. Barcelo, Simultaneous multianalyte determination of estrone, isoproturon and atrazine in natural waters by the River ANAlyser (RIANA), an optical immunosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19, 633-640 (2004). 

C. Mastichiadis, S.E. Kakabakos, I. Christofidis, M.A. Koupparis, C. Willetts, and K. Misiakos, Simultaneous determination of pesticides using a four-band disposable optical capillary immunosensor. 

A. Bange, D.K.Y. Wong, C J. Seliskar, H.B. Halsall, and W.R. Heineman, Microscale immunosensors for biological agents. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 5718, 142-150 (2005). 

There are mainly three types of transducers used in immunosensors electrochemical, optical, and microgravimetric transducers. The immunosensors may operate either as direct immunosensors or as indirect ones. For direct immunosensors, the transducers directly detect the physical or chemical effects resulting from the immunocomplex formation at the interfaces, with no additional labels used. The direct immunosensors detect the analytes in real time. For indirect immunosensors, one or multiple labeled bio-reagents are commonly used during the detection processes, and the transducers should detect the signals from the labels. These indirect detections used to need several washing and separation steps and are sometimes called immunoassays. Compared with the direct immunosensors, the indirect immunosensors may have higher sensitivity and better ability to defend interference from non-specific adsorption. 

S. Aoyagi and M. Kudo, Development of fluorescence change-based, reagent-less optic immunosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20, 1680-1684 (2005). 

T. Konry, A. Novoa, Y. Shemer-Avni, N. Hanuka, S. Cosnier, A. Lepellec, and R.S. Marks, Optical fiber immunosensor based on a poly(pyrrole-benzophenone) film for the detection of antibodies to viral antigen. Anal. Chem. 77, 1771-1779 (2005). 

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