Vaccines measles

An example of the use of an attenuated virus is the administration of the measles vaccine to an individual who has not had measles. The m easles (rubeola) vaccine contains the live, attenuated measles virus. The individual receiving the vaccine develops a mild or modified measles infection, which then produces immunity against the rubeola virus. The measles vaccine protects 95% of the recipients for several years or, for some individuals, for life. An example of a killed virus used for immunization is the cholera vaccine. This vaccine protects those who receive the vacdne for about 3 to 6 months. 

The measles vaccine is considered an immunization. Immunization is a form of artificial active immunity and an important metiiod of controlling some of the infectious diseases tiiat are capable of causing serious and sometimes fatal consequences. The immunization schedule for children is given in Figure 54-2. Currentiy, many infectious diseases may be prevented by vaccine... 

Prior to measles vaccine availability the number of cases of measles approached the birth rate of approximately 3 to 4 million annually. The first measles vaccine was licensed in 1963. Since that time there has been a 99% reduction in reported measles cases. Currently, there is a goal to eliminate measles transmission in the United States through aggressive immunization programs. 

A second dose of MMR is recommended for adults who 1) have been recently exposed to measles or are in an outbreak setting 2) have been previously vaccinated with killed measles vaccine 3) have been vaccinated with an unknown type of measles vaccine during 1963-1967 4) are students in postsecondary educational institutions 5) work in a health-care facility or 6) plan to travel internationally. 

Measles vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine that is administered for primary immunization to persons 12 to 15 months of age or older, usually as a combination of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). A second dose is recommended at 4 to 6 years of age. 

The vaccine should not be given to immunosuppressed patients (except those infected with HIV) or pregnant women. HIV-infected persons who have never had measles or have never been vaccinated should be given measles-containing vaccine unless there is evidence of severe immunosuppression. The vaccine should not be given within 1 month of any other live vaccine unless the vaccine is given on the same day (as with the MMR vaccine). Measles vaccine is indicated in all persons born after 1956 or in those who lack documentation of wild virus infection either by history or antibody titers. 

Measles vaccine, 25 490 491 Measles virus (MV), 3 137 Measurement-based methods, for reliability, 26 1044... 

This varies from occasional mild symptoms with rubella and measles vaccines to possible brain damage with pertussis vaccine. 

The strength of a 0.5 milliliter dose of measles vaccine is 1,000 TCID50. The vaccine is available as a single dose, 10- and 50 doses. What is the total strength of vaccines in the 50-dose vial ... 

The measles vaccine has been linked to thrombocytopenia and anaphylaxis. 

Measles vaccines Live attenuated strains of measles virus Active immunization against measles... 

Pickering, R.J., Smith, S.D., Strugnell, R.A., Wesselingh, S.L., and Webster, D.E. (2006). Crude saponins improve the immune response to an oral plant-made measles vaccine. Vaccine 24 144-150. 

In a more recent study, Webster et al. (2006) report the expression and characterization of lettuce-derived measles vaccine. The MV-H protein expressed in lettuce was demonstrated to be immunogenic in mice following intraperitoneal injection in the absence of adjuvant in addition to intranasal inoculation in the presence of a mucosal adjuvant. The highest response was observed in mice primed first with MV-H DNA and then boosted with an oral formulation of freeze-dried MV-H lettuce in conjunction with a mucosal adjuvant. In addition to this, the type of immune response was found to depend largely on the manner in which MV-H is presented to the immune system. Secreted and soluble forms of MV-H were demonstrated to induce a Th2 type response, while membrane-bound MV-H protein was found to be associated with a Thl response. 

In developing countries, measles can be a very severe disease, with mortality rates as high as 10 percent. Hence, vaccination is recommended for all children at the earliest possible age. Currently, the WHO recommended nine months as the age for measles vaccination, taking into account maternal antibody levels and vaccine intake, as well as disease incidence. 

Subacute sclerosing pancephalitis can occur years after a measles vaccination. This is usually a fatal condition. 

Three cases within a week in the same neighborhood means that the disease is spreading. The doctor fears an epidemic is under way. She immediately calls city health officials and tells them the problem. The health commissioner faxes a request to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta for ten thousand doses of measles vaccine. The plan is to initiate a crash program of vaccinations in the immediate neighborhood so that spread of the disease will be damped. Infected children will be quarantined after the outbreak is contained, an educational program will be initiated to alert parents to the abiding... 

Sabin, A. B., Fernandez de Castro, J., Flores Arechiga, A., Sever, J. L., Madden, D. L., and Shekarchi, I. (1982), Clinical trials of inhaled aerosol of human diploid and chick embryo measles vaccine, Lancet., 2, 604. 

Sabin, A. B., Albrecht, P., Takeda, A. K., Ribeiro, E. M., and Veronesi, R. (1985), High effectiveness of aerosolized chick embryo fibroblast measles vaccine in seven-month-old and older infants, J. Infect. Dis., 152,1231-1237. 

Fernandez-de Castro, J., Kumate-Rodriguez, J., Sepulveda, J., Ramirez-Isunza, J. M., and Valdespino-Gomez, J. L. (1997), Measles vaccination by the aerosol method in Mexico, Salud Publica Mex., 39, 53-60. 

Duclos P, Ward BJ. Measles vaccines a review of adverse events. Drug Saf 1998 19(6) 435-54. 

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