Manganese Chloride Sulphate

Analysis of the water for irrigation purposes. The following are important pH, electrical conductivity, oxidation reduction potential, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, chloride, sulphate, nitrogen... 

Procedure. Prepare a manganese(II) sulphate solution (approx. 0.05M) by dissolving 11.15 g of the analytical-grade solid in 1 L of de-ionised water standardise the solution by titration with 0.05 M EDTA solution using solochrome black indicator after the addition of 0.25 g of hydroxylammonium chloride — see below. 

Pour 30 ml of a 35% sodium hydroxide solution into a 250-ml beaker provided with a mechanical mixer, a thermometer, and a dropping funnel reaching almost to the bottom of the beaker. Cool the beaker with a mixture of ice and sodium chloride, switch on the mixer, and introduce a catalyst—a solution of 0.3 g of manganese(II) sulphate pentahydrate or 0.1 g of manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate in 1 ml of water. Cool the solution to 0 °C and introduce 7 g of urea into it. Lower the temperature to 5-7 °C below zero and gradually add 63 ml of the filtered sodium hypochlorite solution cooled to the same temperature from the dropping funnel. The temperature even at the end of the reaction must not rise above 10 °C. 

Reactions of manganese(II) ions For the study of these reactions a 0-25m solution of manganese(II) chloride MnCl2.4H20 or manganese(II) sulphate MnS04.4H20 can be used. 

Potassium periodate (KIOA) The manganese(II) sulphate solution is rendered strongly acid with sulphuric or nitric acid or (best) phosphoric acid, 0-2-0 3 g potassium periodate added, and the solution boiled for 1 minute. A solution of permanganate is formed. Chlorides must be absent if present, they must be removed by evaporation with sulphuric or nitric acid before applying the test. 

Stortenbeker bas also studied the mixed crystals formed by cadmium sulphate and ferrous sulphate by zinc sulphate and magnesium sulphate by magnesium sulphate and ferroiis sulphate by copper sulphate and manganese sulphate by cobalt chloride and manganese chloride. We shall limit ourselves to referring the reader to these valuable memoirs. 

The rated indicators, on the other hand, include the content of dissolved oxygen, active chlorine, ammonia and ammonia ions, iron, manganese, aluminium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, phosphates, nitrites, nitrates, chlorides, sulphates, humin substances, all dissolved constituents, anions of tensides, copper, hydrogen carbonates and pH value. This category also includes radioactivity characterized by total volume alpha-activity, and in surface waters also by total volume beta-activity. 

Analysis of plasma lipids. HDL was separated by selective precipitation of veiy-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by dextran sulphate and manganese chloride (20), and HDL cholesterol was measured by cholesterol determination of the clear supernatant fraction. Cholesterol and triglycerides were analysed by enzymic procedures (21,22). 

Abbreviated chemical analysis. These analyses can give a general outline of the chemical condition of the water, e.g. temperature of the water, appearance, pH value, electrical conductivity, oxidation reduction potential, "water hardness", iron and manganese, nitrogen compounds, chloride, sulphate, oxidizability. 

Industrial water analysis. A distinction can be made between boiler feed water analysis, boiler water analysis and analysis of condensate. In addition to measuring pH, oxidation reduction potential and electrical conductivity, these three types of analysis also require the determination of traces of oxygen and carbon dioxide, but also quantitative analyses, e.g. for iron and manganese, copper, nitrogen compounds, "water hardness" and chloride, sulphate, phosphate and silicic acid. 

The requirement for bile salts and manganese chloride, and the pH optimum and Km value of a purified human arylsulphatase A have been reported. Aryl sulphate and 2-0-acyl-l-0-alkyl-3-0-()3-D-galactopyranosyl 3-sulphate)glycerol were hydrolysed by the enzyme under identical conditions. The glycolipid was not hydrolysed by arylsulphatase B and appears to be the physiological substrate for arylsulphatase A. Human arylsulphatase B was not active towards cerebroside sulphate. 

An assay for cerebroside sulphatase is based on t.l.c. and the use of tritium-labelled cerebroside sulphate as a substrate. The cerebroside sulphatase activity of the arylsulphatase A in human liver and kidney was investigated using this assay. Kinetic and other evidence suggested that cerebroside sulphatase also possesses arylsulphatase activity, although both activities are manifest by the same active site. Pure human cerebroside sulphatase has been shown to require the presence of bile salts and to be stimulated by manganese chloride. Cerebroside sulphatases isolated from a number of invertebrates are composed of multiple forms that were separated by isoelectric focusing. These enzymes have activities comparable to those from vertebrates, and they also exhibit arylsulphatase activity. Kinetic data (pH optima and Km values etc.) were reported for the enzymes, which were inhibited by nitrocatechol sulphate. 

This reaction is also used on a large scale, to obtain iodine from seaweed. The ash from burnt seaweed ( kelp ) is extracted with water, concentrated, and the salts other than iodides (sulphates and chlorides) crystallise out. The more soluble iodides remain and the liquor is mixed with sulphuric acid and manganese dioxide added the evolved iodine distils off and is condensed. 

Dissolved mineral salts The principal ions found in water are calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride and nitrate. A few parts per million of iron or manganese may sometimes be present and there may be traces of potassium salts, whose behaviour is very similar to that of sodium salts. From the corrosion point of view the small quantities of other acid radicals present, e.g. nitrite, phosphate, iodide, bromide and fluoride, have little significance. Larger concentrations of some of these ions, notably nitrite and phosphate, may act as corrosion inhibitors, but the small quantities present in natural waters will have little effect. Some of the minor constituents have other beneficial or harmful effects, e.g. there is an optimum concentration of fluoride for control of dental caries and very low iodide or high nitrate concentrations are objectionable on medical grounds. 

The solubility of the precipitates encountered in quantitative analysis increases with rise of temperature. With some substances the influence of temperature is small, but with others it is quite appreciable. Thus the solubility of silver chloride at 10 and 100 °C is 1.72 and 21.1mgL 1 respectively, whilst that of barium sulphate at these two temperatures is 2.2 and 3.9 mg L 1 respectively. In many instances, the common ion effect reduces the solubility to so.small a value that the temperature effect, which is otherwise appreciable, becomes very small. Wherever possible it is advantageous to filter while the solution is hot the rate of filtration is increased, as is also the solubility of foreign substances, thus rendering their removal from the precipitate more complete. The double phosphates of ammonium with magnesium, manganese or zinc, as well as lead sulphate and silver chloride, are usually filtered at the laboratory temperature to avoid solubility losses. 

Large amounts of chloride, cobalt(II), and chromium(III) do not interfere iron(III), nickel, molybdenum)VI), tungsten(VI), and uranium(VI) are innocuous nitrate, sulphate, and perchlorate ions are harmless. Large quantities of magnesium, cadmium, and aluminium yield precipitates which may co-precipitate manganese and should therefore be absent. Vanadium causes difficulties only... 

As follows from the results obtained, numerous parameters influence the quality of precipitates, vs raw materials used (such as, manganese sulphate, nitrate, chloride) pH of initial and final solutions the excess of the oxidant the type of a neutralizing agent (lithium, sodium, potassium hydroxide) the washing method, and pH of leachates. More detailed description of the synthetic routine will be published elsewhere. 

In all 28 parameters were individually mapped alkalinity, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, boron, bromide, cadmium, calcium, chloride, chromium, conductivity, copper, fluoride, hardness, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, nitrate, pH, potassium, selenium, sodium, sulphate, thallium, uranium, and zinc. These parameters constitute the standard inorganic analysis conducted at the DENV Analytical Services Laboratory. 

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