Analysis of industrial waters

McCoy, James W. Chemical Analysis of Industrial Water, 1st edition, Chemical Publishing Co., 1969. 

Analysis of Clean Water Act Effluent Guidelines Pollutants. Summary of the Chemicals Regulated by Industrial Point Source Category U.S. EPA, Washiagton, D.C., 40 CFR Parts 400-475, 1991. 

Many industrial processes give rise to pollutants which can present a health problem. Quantitative analysis of air, water, and in some cases soil samples, must be carried out to determine the level of pollution, and also to establish safe limits for pollutants. 

Staples, C.A. (1998). Analysis of Surface Water Receiving Streams for Bisphenol A Manufacturing and Processing Sites, Technical Report to Bisphenol A TaskGroup by the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., Washington, D.C. 

Applications With the current use of soft ionisation techniques in LC-MS, i.e. ESI and APCI, the application of MS/MS is almost obligatory for confirmatory purposes. However, an alternative mass-spectrometric strategy may be based on the use of oaToF-MS, which enables accurate mass determination at 5 ppm. This allows calculation of the elemental composition of an unknown analyte. In combination with retention time data, UV spectra and the isotope pattern in the mass spectrum, this should permit straightforward identification of unknown analytes. Hogenboom et al. [132] used such an approach for identification and confirmation of analytes by means of on-line SPE-LC-ESI-oaToFMS. Off-line SPE-LC-APCI-MS has been used to determine fluorescence whitening agents (FWAs) in surface waters of a Catalan industrialised area [138]. Similarly, Alonso et al. [139] used off-line SPE-LC-DAD-ISP-MS for the analysis of industrial textile waters. SPE functions here mainly as a preconcentration device. 

Titrations in non-aqueous solvents have been traditionally an important tool for the accurate determination of various pharmaceuticals, some acids in foods, use of some acids or bases in detergents, cosmetics and textile auxiharies, in the analysis of industrial process streams, the analysis of polymers [1-7]. The determination of the pK or pK values of organic compoimds with acidity or basicity constant less than 10 can only be reahsed in non-aqueous media. Although water has excellent solvent properties, it is not suitable for such organic compotmds since the pH jump at the equivalence point in aqueous solution carmot be evalrrated with reasonable accuracy, with this resrrlt, the end point carmot be found. Moreover, most of this compotmds ate not soluble in water. For these reasons, titration in non-aqueous media has recently acqttired great importance. It is now well known that non-aqueous titrations greatly depend on the solvents used [4, 8-13]. 

The 500 and 600 series methods provide parameters and conditions for the analysis of drinking water and wastewater, respectively. One method (EPA SW-846) is focused on the analysis of nearly all matrixes, including industrial waste, soil, sludge, sediment, and water-miscible and non-water-miscible wastes. It also provides for the analysis of groundwater and wastewater but is not used to evaluate compliance of public drinking water systems. 

EPA. 1988d. Analysis of clean water act effluent guidelines pollutants. Summary of the chemicals regulated by industrial point source category 40 CFR Parts 400-475. Draft. Prepared by Industrial Technology Division (WH 552) Office of Water Regulations and Standards. Office of Water. 

Bianchi AP, Varney MS, Phillips J. 1991. Analysis of industrial solvent mixtures in water using a miniature purge-and-trap device with thermal desorption and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 557(l-2) 429-439. 

In Ref 2 is described analysis of industrial EtAcet liable to contain water, ethanol and ethyl formate with traces of acidity, whereas in Ref 3 is described a precise method for detn of acidity in EtAcet... 

Jones et al. [220] have reviewed a procedure involved in the sample preparation and analysis of industrial waste waters with the object of... 

Control of Industrial Water Quality Control of Solid Waste Purchase. Handling, and Storage of Hazardous Materials Personal Protective Equipment Costs of Industrial Hygiene Control Basic Economic Analysis... 

Ovesen, C., Clausen, B., Hammershoi, B., Steffensen, G., Askgaard, T., Chorkendorff, I., Norskov, J., Rasmussen, P., Stoltze, P., Taylor, P. (1996). A microkinetic analysis of the water-gas shift reaction under industrial conditions, /. Catalysis 158,170-180. 

Manufacturing industries rely on both qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis to ensure that all stages in the process meet the specifications for that product and supports cost-saving beneficiaries. The development of new products that are usually mixtures of reacted and unreacted raw materials may also require the analytical chemist to ensure that the product(s) formulations are correct and meet the customer s standards. Many industrial processes give rise to pollutants that can present health problems and, with the support of analytical chemistry, as much chemical information as possible is made known about the pollutants. Analysis of air, water, and soil samples as a result of industrial pollutants must be monitored to establish safe limits after removal and/or disposal. 

Many of the AAS procedures be it for water analysis, oil analysis, analysis of industrial products, have been described as DIN norms, now of great value to the analytical laboratory. 

Colour reaction of Cr(Vl) with AW-diethyl-l,4-phenylenediamine in the presence of ethanol and cyclohexyldiaminetetraacetic acid can be used in speciation analysis [9]. The method was applied to analysis of industrial waste water. 

The widest application of electronic noses and tongues is in the food industry in areas as varied as quality control, process operations, taste studies, and identification of flavor and aroma [3]. All of these areas are discussed in this chapter. In addition, electronic noses are finding use in environmental applications such as the analysis of fuel mixtures, identification of toxic wastes, and the detection of oil leaks [2], Electronic tongues are also now being applied in environmental areas such as analysis of natural waters and detection of heavy metals. Both devices are also being more widely used in clinical and pharmaceutical applications, and several of these will be highlighted. 

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