Constitutional parameters

Where it exists, constitutional law governs the whole national law system but international and supranational law may receive primacy (see Introduction). In all the countries compared, social rights are constitutionally recognised but not designed as individual entitlements. The constitutions set only programmatic guidelines that judges have to concretise and substantiate by case law. 

The Dutch constitution postulates the creation of an economic and social order. This postulate is addressed at the legislator. Even norms that are regarded as individual entitlements are of practical relevance only if the legislator completely fails to fulfil this constitutional postulate. 

In Switzerland, neither the applicable labour market rules nor the Federal Constitution nor the constitutions of the cantons mention the term activation. However, if activation is regarded as an accomplishment of integration that the state expects from its citizens in the scope of their self-responsibility, then we can find allusions to activation in the Federal Constitution, the constitutions of the cantons and the Unemployment and Insolvency Act. 

The Federal constitution of the United States does not tackle the issue of social security. Consequently, there are no individual constitutional rights in this field. But the constitution does not prevent the legislator from implementing social security programmes. More precise are the respective constitutions of some states that make statements concerning social protection. However, they always address the legislator and do not in any way grant individual entitlements. 

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Principles in Processing Materials. In most practical apphcations of microwave power, the material to be processed is adequately specified in terms of its dielectric permittivity and conductivity. The permittivity is generally taken as complex to reflect loss mechanisms of the dielectric polarization process the conductivity may be specified separately to designate free carriers. Eor simplicity, it is common to lump ah. loss or absorption processes under one constitutive parameter (20) which can be alternatively labeled a conductivity, <7, or an imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant, S, as expressed in the foUowing equations for complex permittivity ... 

The set of constitutive parameters contains the (drained) elastic volumetric compliance C and two poroelastic constants the Biot stress coefficient b, and the unconstrained storage coefficient Sa = d(/dp a which can be expressed as So- = bB 1C ([13]), where B is the Skempton pore pressure coefficient. The other three parameters, a, f3, and 7 quantify the physico-chemical interactions. Both a and (3 are constrained to vary from 0 when there is no chemical interaction to 1 when the salt ions are trapped in the pore network (this limiting case is referred to as the perfect ion exclusion membrane model ). The coefficient 7 can simply be approximated by 7 x0/n, where n is the porosity of the shale. 

Constitutive parameters Referential state parameters Tensions... 

We resume here the nature and number of macroscopic parameters used in this version of PCM the temperature T, the density ps of the solvent, its permittivity (here reduced to a constant T dependent s), and its refractive index ns. Among the constitutive parameters there is the hard sphere radius of the solvent molecule and its first ionization potential Is. 

The sharp dielectric surface was implemented for the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) for the first time by Bonaccorsi et al. [9] and further developed by Hoshi etal. [10] The only requirements for the employment of the PCM is a knowledge of the constitutive parameters of the system geometry of the dielectrics and corresponding dielectric constants. The same model has been subsequently revisited in 2000 [11] supplemented with the modelling of nonelectrostatic interactions (see later). 

Note that the amplitudes are invariant elements when compared with that in Eq. (1) the configuration space is the support for the complex functions (x I, f) and the set of base functions (x) relates to eigenfunctions of the time-independent Schrodinger equation. The Hamiltonian incorporates constitutive parameters of the material system. 

Spiers, C.J., Schutjens, P.M.T.M., Brzesowsky, R.H., Peach, C.J., Liezenberg, J.L. and Zwart, H.J. 1990. Experimental determination of constitutive parameters governing creep of rocksalt by pressure solution. In R.J. Knipe and E.H. Rutter (Editors), Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics. Geol. Soc. Special Publication 54, pp. 215-228. 

The empirical constitutive parameters for five materials with different compactibilities are shown in Table 2. The 9-pm spheres with n = d = 0, and K = Kq = constant correspond to an incompressible material. The Kaolin flat is moderately com-pactible and the Mierlo biosolidsj water treatment residue,activated sludge with n and S... 

Figure 6. Calculation of constitutive parameters log (strain rate) vs. log (flow stress).

In (2.5) and (2.6), e, /x, a, and a are the constitutive parameters that characterize the electric and magnetic properties of the material. Hence, s is the electric permittivity, /i the magnetic permeability, a the electric conductivity, and a the equivalent magnetic resistivity. The variation of the constitutive parameters as a function of diverse field characteristics (such as intensity, position, direction, and frequency) leads to their classification according to structure and behavior. 

It is important to state that the derivation of (2.17) requires the medium to be locally homogeneous i.e., it is assumed that all constitutive parameters are spatially independent. The small-valued (At)3/24 term in (2.15) and (2.16) permits further simplifications. Since all the derivatives encountered on the right-hand side of (2.17) are multiplied by it, they can be amply discretized by the common second-order finite differences. Therefore, one avoids ambiguous mathematical complexities and at the same time manages to construct a significantly improved FDTD approach, presenting lower phase and propagation errors. 

Extension to the 2-D TM case opts for the vector form of 3Q/31= R 3Q/Bx + ZdQJdy with Q = HxHyEz T. If the material interface is again placed at i = L, constitutive parameter matrices R and Z receive the appropriate values at media A and B, as in the 1-D problem. Herein, derivative matching is performed for dEJdx and ()Hy/()x with the ensuing jump conditions across the interface... 

M. Kuzuoglou and R. Mittra, Frequency dependence of the constitutive parameters of causal perfectly matched anisotropic absorbers, IEEE Trans. Microvc. Guided Wave Lett., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 447-449, Dec. 1996.doi 10.1109/75.544545... 

Kamath, S. 1996. Constitutive parameter determination for food powders using triaxial and finite element analysis of incipient flow from hopper bins . Doctoral Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, PA. 

More sophisticated suction controlled tests which explore the behaviour of the bentonite under specific stress and suction paths are described in the references given above. Tests on small scale cells involving simultaneous hydration and heating were also performed. They are boundary value problems and their analysis may provide a refined evaluation of constitutive parameters. Some of the research groups participating in the reBEX benchmark test have used this information to their advantage. Their analysis is published elsewhere. 

Modify constitutive parameters in the o-e model, perhaps also the flow model (Ak). 

Should we pursue comprehensive testing to delineate the range of possible diffusivities and constitutive parameters of particular shales for predictive numerical modeling The writer believes that true predictions will never be a practical goal ... 

The Maxwell equations are strietly valid only for points in whose neighborhood the physieal properties of the medium, as characterized by the constitutive parameters X 7 continuously. However, across... 

One of the most important contributions of Hansch was the discovery that partition coefficients are additive constitutive parameters, like some other molecular properties. He defined a lipophilidty parameter k (eq. 29) [15, 17, 18, 174, 218, 237, 238] in the manner that Hammett a constants (eq. 3, chapter 1.1) were defined. 

In addition to the dependence on constitutional parameters, the rate and extent of dyeing also depend significantly on the morphology, crystallinity, and molecular orientation of the fiber, for any of the processes considered [353]. 

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