Lymphocyte transformation, and

Immunotoxicity—inhibition of lymphocyte transformation and histamine release... 

The only positive findings have been severe serum IgG deficiency and subnormal levels of antibodies to tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid following adequate challenge. Serum and salivary IgA and the response to oral poliomyelitis vaccine (presumably mainly in the IgA class) have usually been normal, as have serum IgM and isohemagglutinins. Neutro-phile function, lymphocyte transformation, and the responses to vaccinia and childhood virus infections were all normal. This seems a milder disease than Bruton s and does well on y-globulin prophylaxis or even only with prompt treatment of infections. 

For these reasons, lymphocyte transformation and leukocyte migration inhibition tests have been widely used to investigate type IV allergic drug reactions. 

Warrington et al. (1978) found that the lymphocyte transformation test was positive after stimulation with isoniazid, isonicotinic acid, and conjugates of these compounds in 95% of patients who developed isoniazid hepatitis. Healthy controls and isoniazid patients who did not develop liver damage showed a negative test. There was no correlation between the degree of lymphocyte transformation and the severity of liver damage. The appearance of liver damage after isoniazid seems to depend on the presence of cellular hypersensitivity to this medicament. 

PURINE, THYMIDYLATE AND AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS FOR HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION AND FRAGILE CHROMOSOME SITE EXPRESSION... 

WilUams WR, Jones-WiUiams W. Comparison of lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition tests in the detection of beryllium hypersensitivity. J Clin Pathol 1982 35(6) 684-687. 

Part of these T-lymphocytes transform into memory cells. These cells are different from their ancestors in that they are activated by a much lower antigen binding strength and also much less depend on signal 2. Now self-antigens can activate these T-lymphocytes. As during activation continuously new memory cells are formed, autoreactivity is sustained and autoimmune disease follows (Fig. 2). 

Positive lymphocyte transformation test and lymphocyte activation tests... 

RCM-related T-cell activity may be assessed in vitro by lymphocyte transformation test [19, 24]. In addition, CD69 upregulation (lymphocyte activation test) was observed in patients with a positive lymphocyte transformation test [24, 39]. These tests appear to be a promising tool to identify drug-reactive T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with RCM-induced drug-hypersensitivity reactions. However, the sensitivity and specificity remain unknown and, therefore, these tests cannot be recommended for routine use yet, but further research on the specificity and sensitivity is indicated. 

For in vitro testing of nickel contact sensitivity, the lymphocyte transformation test and leucocyte migration inhibition test have been used [370]. 

An immunologic basis for chronic beryllium disease has been postulated and a hypersensitivity phenomenon demonstrated. Consistent with the concept of chronic berylliosis as a hypersensitivity pulmonary reaction are the following Persons with berylliosis also show delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to beryllium compounds their peripheral blood lymphocytes undergo blast transformation and release of macrophage inhibition factor after exposure to beryllium in vitro helper/suppressor T-cell ratios are depressed and there is lack of a dose-response relationship in chronic beryllium cases. Hypersensitization may lead to berylliosis in people with relatively low exposures, whereas nonsensitized individuals with higher exposures may have no effects. 

The majority of patients with Burkitt s lymphoma showed an intact delayed hypersensitivity response to DCNB and lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin was also normal in the majority of patients (Z3). Fass et al. (F2) reported that 12 patients with Burkitt s lymphoma when tested with autologous tumor extracts showed measurable cellular responses of the host against his own tumor. In contrast to patients with Burkitt s lymphoma who have impaired antibody production but normal cellular immunity, patients with other forms of neoplasia of the reticuloendothelial system frequently have impairment of both the humoral and cellular aspects of immunity. 

Saxholm HJK, Reith A, Brogger A. 1981. Oncogenic transformation and cell lysis in C3H/10T1/2 cells and increased sister chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes by nickel subsullide. Cancer Res 41 4136-4139. 

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino Joe Koo Lan (root) Panaxatriol, panaxadiol, saponin, glypenosides, sterol.33-34349350351 Regulating effect on lymphocyte transformation, protective effect against myocardial and cerebral ischemia, relax isochemic heart ventricles. 

DNA single-strand breaks and fragmentations were observed in human lymphocytes and respiratory tract epithelial cells and in cultures of transformed human cells. Hydrogen peroxide induced unscheduled DNA synthesis and chromosomal aberrations in human fibroblast cells in vitro. It induced sister chromatid exchanges or chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocyte cultures and gave inconclusive results for induction of aneuploidy. 

A 60-year-old woman with normal liver function tests developed acute hepatitis 6 weeks after starting to take gliclazide. No viruses, autoimmune factors, or metabolic factors that could have caused hepatitis could be found. A lymphocyte transformation test was not performed. A liver biopsy was compatible with drug-related acute hepatitis. When gliclazide was withdrawn she improved. She took glibenclamide and recovered fully within 6 weeks. 

D26. Dunphy, C. H., Wheaton, S. E., and Perkins, S. L., CD23 expression in transformed small lymphocytic lymphomas/chronic lymphocytic leukemias and blastic tranformations of mantle cell lymphoma. Mod. Pathol. 10, 818-822 (1997). 

Copper deficit causes decreased number of T lymphocytes and disorder in their functions it disturbs processes of antigen transformations and contributes to modulating the synthesis of cytokine IL-2, thus coordinating cell-mediated immunity causes depressed activity of antioxidative enzymes. 

Tetrahydrocannabinol depresses lymphocyte and macrophage activity in cell cultures, while in rats in vivo it directly suppresses natural killer cell activity and impairs T lymphocyte transformation by phytohemagglutinin in concentrations of cannabinoids achievable with the usual doses (119). Variable results have been obtained in man in tests of circulating T cells and hormonal immunity (120). 

A mixture of lentil lectin-reactive glycoproteins from pig lymphocyte-plasma membrane was isolated by lentil lectin-Sepharose chromatography of sodium deoxycholate-solubilized membranes.445 Eighty-seven percent of the protein applied (17% of hexose) passed through unretarded, and 13% of the applied protein (83% of hexose) was bound, and eluted with methyl a-D-glucopyranoside solution. Recovery was 95% of the material applied, in contrast to the recovery in similar experiments conducted on con A-Sepharose columns (80% recovery).850 The eluate from the lentil column, which contained at least ten glycoproteins, blocked lymphocyte transformation induced by lentil or kidney-bean lectins.445... 

Devergne, O., Hatzivassiliou, E., Izumi, K. M., Kaye, K. M., Kleijnen, M. F., Kieff, E., and Mosialos, G. (1996). Association of TRAFl, TRAF2, and TRAF3 with an Epstein-Barr virus LMPl domain important for B-lymphocyte transformation Role in NF-kappaB activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 7098-7108. 

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