Deoxycholate, sodium

Sodium deoxycholate (H2O) [302-95-4] M 432.6, [aJu +48° (c 1, EtOH). Crystd from EtOH and dried in an oven at 100°. The solution is freed from soluble components by repeated extraction with acid-washed charcoal. 

A polyrotaxane with a dendrimer-like structure is known [60]. Based on the observation that [3-CD and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) 54 forms a 2 1 host guest complex in water, Tato et al. constructed hyperbranched polyrotaxanes 55 by slowly reacting triply branched receptor 53 containing P-CD and NaDC... 

Cherry and Crandall in 1932 (86) used olive oil as substrate with gum acacia as the emufsTfier. This method has served as the basis for a number of modifications that increased the stability of the emulsion, decreased incubation time and gave better precision. When a serum sample is incubated with a stabilized olive oil emulsion, lipase acts at the interface of substrate and water to hydrolyze olive oil into fatty acid plus diglycerides, and to a small extent to monoglycerides and glycerol. The bile salt sodium deoxycholate activates the reaction. These methods measure the liberated fatty acids by titration with a standardized NaOH solution. An indicator such as phenolphatalein, thymolphthalein or methyl red or a pH meter are used to detect the end point. 

Use of 10 pm LiChrosorb RP18 column and binary eluent of methanol and aqueous 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) according to suitable gradient elution program in less than 20-min run time with satisfactory precision sensitivity of spectrophotometric detection optimized, achieving for all additives considered detection limits ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 mg/1, below maximum permitted levels Simultaneous separation (20 min) of 14 synthetic colors using uncoated fused silica capillary column operated at 25 kV and elution with 18% acetonitrile and 82% 0.05 M sodium deoxycholate in borate-phosphate buffer (pH 7.8), recovery of all colors better than 82%... 

Conjunctival insulin absorption in rabbits estimated as plasma insulin levels after punctal occlusion was also shown to be increased by bile salts (sodium deoxycholate, glycocholate, and taurocholate) and a surfactant (polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether) [200], Their rank order of effectiveness at 1% was sodium deoxycholate > polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether > sodium glycocholate = sodium taurocholate. There was an 18-, 29-, 3-, and 3-fold increase, respectively, in conjunctival absorption. Sodium deoxycholate, a dihydroxy bile salt, was more effec-... 

After 2 h incubation of the prepared antibody beads with UV-crosslinked extract in a cold room, the beads are washed 4 x with 100 /A RIPA buffer (50 mMTris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 rnMNaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS) and lx with genomic DNA lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 10 mM EDTA, 500 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM DTT, 0.5 mM spermidine, 1% Triton X-100). Approximately 300 /(I of PK solution (1 mg/ml proteinase K in genomic DNA lysis buffer and 0.2 U//A RNase inhibitor) is added to the total lysate previously kept on ice and the beads are then incubated at 37° for 30 min. Gently flick the tubes to resuspend the beads every 10 min during the incubation. After removal of the proteinase K solution, 300 /A of RNA extraction solution (4 M guanidine thiocyanate, 0.5% sarkosyl, and 25 mM sodium citrate, pH7) is added to the beads, incubated for 10 min and the supernatant is mixed with 30 fig yeast tRNA (as a carrier) and 30 fil of 3 M sodium acetate. The RNA solution is phenol-chloroform extracted, ethanol-precipitated, and the pellet washed once with 70% ethanol. The dry pellet is used for 1st strand cDNA synthesis, followed by PCR analysis. The removal of proteins... 

A recent study, however, has shown that aminopeptidase activity is present on the surface of porcine buccal mucosa, and that various aminopeptidase inhibitors, including amastatin and sodium deoxycholate, reduce the mucosal surface degradation of the aminopeptidase substrate, leucine-enkephalin [149], Since the peptidases are present on the surface of the buccal mucosa, they may act as a significant barrier to the permeability of compounds which are substrates for the enzyme. In addition to proteolytic enzymes, there exist some esterases, oxidases, and reductases originating from buccal epithelial cells, as well as phosphatases and carbohydrases present in saliva [154], all of which may potentially be involved in the metabolism of topically applied compounds. 

B. S. Reddy, T. Narasawa, J. H. Weisburger and E. L. Wynder, Promoting effect of sodium deoxycholate on colon adenocarcinomas in germfree rats, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1976, 56(2), 441. 

Kandell and Bernstein published one of the earliest reports to suggest that bile acids also demonstrate DNA-damaging effects in eukaryotic cells. They showed that human foreskin fibroblasts underwent unscheduled DNA synthesis (indicating DNA repair), as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation when cells were treated with increasing concentrations of sodium deoxycholate or chenodeoxycholate. Utilising mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in strand rejoining (EM9), the authors were able to demonstrate that the repair of deoxycholate-induced DNA damage was dependent on strand break repair capacity. 

PARP binds to DNA surrounding single- or double-strand breaks and attaches polymers of ADP-ribose to itself and other proteins. This increases the negative charge in this area, thus facilitating DNA repair. Payne et al. reported increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity in Jurkat cells treated with sodium deoxycholate. Activation of PARP in colonic cells was similarly reported by Glinghammer et al " following treatment with this bile acid. 

Numerous low molecular weight molecules are known to form gels when put in solution (l) such as sodium deoxycholate (2) and 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid in CC14 (3). For these such structural information has been obtained by spectroscopy(4),diffraction experiments (5, 6) and microscopy (7), but very few kinetic data are available macromolecular systems such as DNA (8) and gelatin (9). 

Figure 4. Linearity of the metabolism of parathion and benzphetamine by a reconstituted monooxygenase oxidase enzyme system from rabbit liver. The 0.5-mL reaction mixture contained 50 fig of sodium deoxycholate, 15 iig of dilauroyl l-5-phosphatidylcholine, 1.5 units of NADPH-Cytochrome c reductase, 0.5 nmol of Cytochrome P-450, 0.05M Hepes buffer (pH 7.8), 0.015M MgCh, O.lmU EDTA, and 5 X lO M [ethyl- C] parathion or / X 10 M benzphetamine.

Figure 6. Elution profile of protein, radioactivity, and thiocyanate from a Sepha-dex G-25 column of reconstituted monooxygenase system from rat liver that had been incubated with [ 5] parathion. The 5-mL incubation mixture contained 20 nmol Cytochrome P-450 (specific activity 16.4 nmol/mg protein), 5 units NADPH-Cytochrome c reductase, 600 fig dilauroyl L-3-phosphatidylchoUne, 600 fig sodium deoxycholate, and 1 X IO M p 5] parathion. The remainder of the incubation mixture is described in Figure 4. The incubation time was 5 min. One-milliliter fractions were collected. The radioactivity (x) represents cpm/0.1 mL. The OOggo (o) was measured on each 1-mL fraction (20).

Detergents. Under appropriate conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature, detergents (ionic sodium lauiyl sulphate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium cholate and cetyldiethyl-ammonium bromide, or nonionic Tweens and Tritons), can be used to lyse cells. Detergents may however cause enzyme inactivation and may need to be removed before purification. 

Trehalase (from kidney cortex). Purified by solubilising in Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate, and submitting to gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, conA-Sepharose chromatography, phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B hydrophobic interaction chromatography, Tris-Sepharose 6B affinity and hydrolyapatite chromatography. Activity was increased 3000-fold. [Yoneyama Arch Biochem Biophys 255 168 1987],... 

A Sodium deoxycholate X Sodium glycodeoxycholate Sodium taurodeoxycholate... 

Add the appropriate amount of each of the first four reagents (sucrose solution, mitochondria, sodium deoxycholate, and BSA) to each of the five test tubes. If the solutions are not clear, add more 10% sodium deoxycholate with a graduated pipet. Be sure you note the exact amount of deoxycholate added. Do not add more than a total of 0.4 mL. 

Describe the function and mode of action of sodium deoxycholate in... 

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