Lymphocyte transformation

Part of these T-lymphocytes transform into memory cells. These cells are different from their ancestors in that they are activated by a much lower antigen binding strength and also much less depend on signal 2. Now self-antigens can activate these T-lymphocytes. As during activation continuously new memory cells are formed, autoreactivity is sustained and autoimmune disease follows (Fig. 2). 

Positive lymphocyte transformation test and lymphocyte activation tests... 

RCM-related T-cell activity may be assessed in vitro by lymphocyte transformation test [19, 24]. In addition, CD69 upregulation (lymphocyte activation test) was observed in patients with a positive lymphocyte transformation test [24, 39]. These tests appear to be a promising tool to identify drug-reactive T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with RCM-induced drug-hypersensitivity reactions. However, the sensitivity and specificity remain unknown and, therefore, these tests cannot be recommended for routine use yet, but further research on the specificity and sensitivity is indicated. 

Romano A, Artesani M. Andriolo M. et al Effective prophylactic protocol in delayed hypersensitivity to contrast media report of a case involving lymphocyte transformation studies with different compounds. Radiology 2002 225 466-470. 

Reaction against virally infected or transplanted cells results in stimulated lymphocytes transforming into Tc cells which can eliminate target cells bearing the sensitizing antigen. 

Mumford, D.M. et al., Lymphocyte transformation studies of sea mammal blood, Expe-rientia, 31,498, 1975. 

For in vitro testing of nickel contact sensitivity, the lymphocyte transformation test and leucocyte migration inhibition test have been used [370]. 

The majority of patients with Burkitt s lymphoma showed an intact delayed hypersensitivity response to DCNB and lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin was also normal in the majority of patients (Z3). Fass et al. (F2) reported that 12 patients with Burkitt s lymphoma when tested with autologous tumor extracts showed measurable cellular responses of the host against his own tumor. In contrast to patients with Burkitt s lymphoma who have impaired antibody production but normal cellular immunity, patients with other forms of neoplasia of the reticuloendothelial system frequently have impairment of both the humoral and cellular aspects of immunity. 

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino Joe Koo Lan (root) Panaxatriol, panaxadiol, saponin, glypenosides, sterol.33-34349350351 Regulating effect on lymphocyte transformation, protective effect against myocardial and cerebral ischemia, relax isochemic heart ventricles. 

Fig (13). Lymphocyte transformation (mouse). Numbers represent proliferation increase (%) at 0.1 pg/ml... 

A 60-year-old woman with normal liver function tests developed acute hepatitis 6 weeks after starting to take gliclazide. No viruses, autoimmune factors, or metabolic factors that could have caused hepatitis could be found. A lymphocyte transformation test was not performed. A liver biopsy was compatible with drug-related acute hepatitis. When gliclazide was withdrawn she improved. She took glibenclamide and recovered fully within 6 weeks. 

Schopf E, Schulz KH, Isensee I. 1969. [Investigations on lymphocyte transformation in mercury compounds]. Arch Klin Exp Derm 234 420-433. (German). 

Tetrahydrocannabinol depresses lymphocyte and macrophage activity in cell cultures, while in rats in vivo it directly suppresses natural killer cell activity and impairs T lymphocyte transformation by phytohemagglutinin in concentrations of cannabinoids achievable with the usual doses (119). Variable results have been obtained in man in tests of circulating T cells and hormonal immunity (120). 

A mixture of lentil lectin-reactive glycoproteins from pig lymphocyte-plasma membrane was isolated by lentil lectin-Sepharose chromatography of sodium deoxycholate-solubilized membranes.445 Eighty-seven percent of the protein applied (17% of hexose) passed through unretarded, and 13% of the applied protein (83% of hexose) was bound, and eluted with methyl a-D-glucopyranoside solution. Recovery was 95% of the material applied, in contrast to the recovery in similar experiments conducted on con A-Sepharose columns (80% recovery).850 The eluate from the lentil column, which contained at least ten glycoproteins, blocked lymphocyte transformation induced by lentil or kidney-bean lectins.445... 

Devergne, O., Hatzivassiliou, E., Izumi, K. M., Kaye, K. M., Kleijnen, M. F., Kieff, E., and Mosialos, G. (1996). Association of TRAFl, TRAF2, and TRAF3 with an Epstein-Barr virus LMPl domain important for B-lymphocyte transformation Role in NF-kappaB activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 7098-7108. 

Tsuji, H., Mural, K., Akagi, K., Fujishima, M. Familial primary biUary cirrhosis associated with impaired concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte transformation to relatives. Two family studies. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1992 37 353-360... 

Immunotoxicity—inhibition of lymphocyte transformation and histamine release... 

After 18 intramuscular injections of Arumalon, a 62-year-old woman with degenerative hip-joint changes developed a severe illness, with fever up to 39 C, swellings of the finger, hand, and knee joints, a rash, leukopenia (1.9 X 10 /1), thrombocytopenia (113 x 10 /1), and increased transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase activity (25). There was a positive lymphocyte transformation test with Arumalon and its constituents, and Arumalon-specific antibodies in the cultured... 

A 12-year-old boy developed a maculopapular rash on two occasions after taking carbamazepine (69). A patch test was positive, but an in vitro lymphocyte transformation test was negative. However, T cells incubated with carbamazepine produced an excess of interferon-gamma. 

A man developed acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis while taking furosemide (18). A positive lymphocyte transformation test suggested an immunological mechanism. 

Mantani N, Kogure T, Sakai S, Goto H, Shibahara N, Kita T, Shimada Y, Terasawa K. Incidence and clinical features of Uver injury related to Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine in 2,496 cases between 1979 and 1999 problems of the lymphocyte transformation test as a diagnostic method. Phytomedicine 2002 9(4) 280-7. 

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