Lymph vessels

Diethylcarbama2iae has limited antimicrofilarial activity against Onchocerca volvulus. Adults of W. bancrofti the filarial worm causiag elephantiasis, coil in the lymph system. Here females can attain a length of 10 cm. Over the years, tissue reactions result in obstmction to lymph return. Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and the spleen become enlarged. The condition of elephantiasis is a late and unusual complication of filariasis, where the lower extremities of the body become edematous, enlarge, and over a period of time harden with a rough nodular skin. 

Metastasis The migration of cancer cells from the original tumor site through the blood and lymph vessels to produce cancers in other tissues. 

Blockage of lymph vessels prevents the return of excess filtered fluid to the vascular compartment. Instead, this fluid remains within the tissue. Impaired lymph drainage may be caused by local inflammation, cancer, and parasites. 

The liquid carried in lymph vessels is called lymph it contains lymphocytes and substances acquired from intercellular fluids. Lymph is a key disposal system for the body s waste, including the debris from infectious agents and foreign proteins trapped within. 

Figure 6 Transverse MR images of axillary-subscapular lymph node area in the rabbit 4 min after s.c. administration of PEG (5 kDa) -phosphatidyl ethanolamine micelles containing coreincorporated Gd-loaded amphiphilic chelate DTPA-phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The dose was 0.5 pmol Gd per injection site. Fast and clear visualization of both lymph vessel (1) and lymph node (2) was achieved. Images were acquired by using a 1.5 Tesla GE Signa MRI scanner operated at fat suppression mode and Ti-weighted pulse sequence [20].

Fig. 3.4 The structure of the pulmonary pleura 1, mesothelial layer 2, submesothelial layer 3, external elastic layer 4, interstitial layer 5, internal elastic layer B, blood capillary net E, elastic fiber net L, lymph vessel net. 

Fig. 3.5 The lymphatic flow system in the human lung. (A) Direction of efferent flow of lymph circulation and location of lymph nodes. Note the large size of the nodes at the mediastinum. (B) The capillary net of lymph vessels—periarterial, peri-venial and peribronchial—and the collecting lymph ducts and nodes.

Endothelial, endothelium The layer of epithelial cells that line the cavities of the blood and lymph vessels, the heart, and other cavities of the body. 

Lymph The slightly yellow, transparent liquid found in the lymph vessels, but also in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system collects lymph from these sites and returns it to the blood. Lymph contains specialized cells, ions, and molecules in suspension in the fluid (see chapter 3). 

Fibrosis of the lymph nodes, which occluded the lymph vessels, and of the spleen were found in patients injected intravenously with unknown quantities of Thorotrast (da Silva Horta 1967a ... 

Reeder, L., DeFilippi, V.J., Ferguson, M.K., 1996. Characterization of the effects of histamine on porcine tracheobronchial lymph vessels. Am. J. Physiol. 271, H2501-H2507. 

Because of its large size (200-800 pm), the chylomicron cannot permeate the blood capillaries, and as a result, is absorbed into a porous mesenteric lymph vessel called lacteal, and travels with the lymph until drainage into the systemic blood circulation. 

Thin, fibrous layer composed of dense sheath of collagen and elastic fibers contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves... 

Before Europeans arrived in America, echinacea was a popular herbal drug among Native Americans, who used it to treat respiratory infections, inflammation of the eyes, toothache, and snakebite. European colonists quickly adopted the herb. In the nineteenth century, European Americans used echinacea as a blood purifier, believing that it cleared the blood of disease-causing toxins. Europeans used echinacea to treat diseases such as eczema, veneral diseases, lymphangitis (swelling of the lymph vessels), and sepsis (infection of the blood with microorganisms). 

Lymph vessels These are part of the lymphatic system, made up of vessels, nodes and organs such as the spleen and tonsils. Important funchons for the body include internal defensive mechanisms. The lymph vessels form a tubular network throughout the body carrying a fluid called lymph. Lymph is made up of a colourless fluid containing white blood cells that is collected from the tissues of the body. The lymph vessels pick up and regulate the tissue fluid formed by the bloodstream, which bathes and nourishes the cells. The lymph is circulated through the lymphatic vessels and is eventually returned to the bloodstream. 

Figure 8.5 (A) The lymphatic system. (B) Section of a lymph vessel to show valves.

The newly synthesized triacylglycerol becomes organized into chylomicrons (a type of lipoprotein see next section), which are secreted by the intestinal epithelial cell into the lacteals, small lymph vessels in the villi of the small intestine. Then from the lymphatics, the chylomicrons pass into the thoracic duct, from which they enter the blood and thus contribute to the transport of lipid fuel to various tissues. A feature of chylomicron metabolism is their ability to deliver lipid fuels to extrahepatic tissues. 

In addition an excessive production of some hormones, for example the mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone, can cause salt and water retention, which results in oedema. Blockage of the lymphatic system or damage to lymph vessels, perhaps caused by radiation therapy, can produce a local oedema. 

HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus) Endothelial cell cancer of blood and lymph vessels... 

Lymph node—Region of lymphoid tissue along lymph vessels that filters harmful antigens from the blood and some tissues. 

The lymphatic system, also known as the immune system, defends the body against microorganisms and other foreign bodies. Additionally, the lymphatic system transports fluids from the body s tissues to the blood, thus helping to control fluid balance in the body. This system also absorbs substances from the digestive system. The organs of the lymphatic system include the lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen, and tonsils. 

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