Lymphatic metastasis

Abe, R., and Taneichi, N. (1972). Lymphatic metastasis in experimental cecal cancer Effectiveness of lymph nodes as barriers to the spread of tumor cells. Arch. Surg.. 104, 95-98. 

Palumbo, J. S., Potter, J. M., Kaplan, L. S., Talmage, K., Jackson, D. G., and Degen, J. L. (2002). Spontaneous hematogenous and lymphatic metastasis, but not primary tumor growth or angiogenesis, is diminished in fibrinogen-deficient mice. Cancer Res. 62, 6966-6972. 

Formation of regional lymph node metastasis can be an important step in dissemination of cancer cells. In colorectal cancer, lymph node metastasis frequently occurs in patients (7, 8) and is an important factor in staging the disease. In particular, the metastatic lymph node ratio (LNR number of metastatic lymph nodes/number of examined lymph nodes) is predictive of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in colorectal cancer patients (9, 10). Hence, an animal model of colorectal cancer with measurable lymphatic metastasis that allows for rapid evaluation of the effects of candidate treatment regimens on primary tumor growth and lymph node metastasis would be of great value. 

Padera T, Kadambi A, Tomaso E, Carreira C, Brown E, Boucher Y, Choi N, Mathisen D, Wain J, Mark E, Munn L, Jain R. Lymphatic metastasis in the absence of functional intratumor lymphatics. Science 2002 296 1883-6. Szczesny G, Olszewski WL. The pathomechanism of posttraumatic edema of lower limbs. J Trauma 2001 52 315-22. 

Hirakawa S, Kodama S, Kunstfeld R, Kajiya K, Brown LF, Detmar M 2005 VEGF-A induces tumor and sentinel lymph node lymphangiogenesis and promotes lymphatic metastasis. 

Pizzocaro G, Piva L, Nicolai N (1996) [Treatment of lymphatic metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis experience at the National Tumor Institute of Milan]. Arch Ital Urol Androl 68 169-172 Schellhammer PF, Jordan GH, Robey EL, Spaulding JT (1992) Premalignant lesions and nonsquamous malignancy of the penis and carcinoma of the scrotum. Urol Clin North Am 19 131-142... 

Su, J. Sun, A. Tian, J. Immunohistochemical reagent and method for rapidly detecting lymphatic metastasis in breast cancer. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1945333, 2007 Chem. Abstr. 2007, 146, 417863. 

Padera TP, Kadambi A, di Tomaso E, Carreira CM, Brown EB, Boucher Y et al. Lymphatic metastasis in the absence of functional intratumor lymphatics. Science 2002 296 1883-1886. 

Ovarian cancer usually is confined to the abdominal cavity, but spread can occur to the lung, liver, and less commonly, bone or brain. Disease is spread by direct extension, peritoneal seeding, lymphatic dissemination, and blood-borne metastasis. 

It appears that activated carbon might be a potential carrier for lymphatic delivery, or to peritoneal or pleural cavities, the most common sites in cancer metastasis. Minimal side effects are expected, since constant low concentrations of drug are maintained in the general circulation. 

Saharinen, P., Tammela, T., Karkkainen, M. J., and Alitalo, K. 2004. Lymphatic vasculature development, molecular regulation and role in tumor metastasis and inflammation. Trends Immunol. 25 387-395. 

Metastasis is defined as the formation of tumors that are discontinuous from the primary tumor. These secondary tumors can be at nearby or distant sites and can form following dissemination of cells via lymphatic, hematogenous, coelomic cavities or epithelial cavities (Willis, 1973). The most common routes for metastatic spread are lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis so, secondary tumor formation via those routes will be the focus in this chapter. However, it must be noted that these routes are not necessarily the common ones for the spread of some tumor types (e.g. ovary (Cannistra, 1993)). 

The two primary pathways of metastasis are hematogenous and lymphatic. Other, less-common modes of disease spread include dissemination via cerebrospinal fluid and transabdominal spread within the peritoneal cavity. Tumors are constantly shedding neoplastic cells into the systemic circulation or surrounding lymphatics. This process may begin early in the hfe of the tumor and often increases with time. The time course for metastasis depends largely on the biology of the tumor. Breast cancer, for example, tends to metastasize very early. Not all of the shed cancer cells, or seeds, result in a metastatic lesion. The seed must first find the appropriate soU, or an environment suitable for growth. This process is illustrated in the diverse patterns... 

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