Lubricants, surfactant applications

Plant oils are excellent sources of some valuable compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, squalene, pigments, antioxidants, vitamins, waxes, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. Plant oils could be employed for technological uses as biodiesel, lubricants, surfactants, emulsifiers, biopolymers, and so on. Vegetable oils also can serve as appropriate sources for the production of valuable compounds having applications in food, pharmaceutical, medical, and environmental fields. Attention has been focused on various types of value-added fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, conjugated fatty... 

ATRP is an excellent method for the preparation of functional polymers. Polymers with molecular weights up to M =100,()00 can be obtained with narrow molecular weight distribution. Many functionalized styrenes, acrylates and other functional monomers were successfully polyineiized using a wide range of functional initiators or macroinitiators. Furthermore chain-end halogens can be displaced. Because of all these possibilities, ATRP can find applications in solventless coatings, adhesives, lubricants, surfactants and additives. 

Polyether Polyols. The polyether polyols used in the manufacture of polyurethanes are hydroxy-terminated macromolecules, with molecular weights ranging from 250 to 8000. Lyondell/Bayer has provided pilot plant diols/triols having molecular weights of 10,000 to 15,000 for lubricant and surfactant applications. The hydroxy functionality can range from 2 to 8. The economically attractive polyether polyols based on alkylene oxides are listed in Table 4. 

Oil field uses are primarily imidazolines for surfactant and corrosion inhibition (see Petroleum). Besides the lubrication market for metal salts, the miscellaneous market is comprised of free acids used ia concrete additives, motor oil lubricants, and asphalt-paving applications (47) (see Asphalt Lubrication AND lubricants). Naphthenic acid has also been studied ia ore flotation for recovery of rare-earth metals (48) (see Flotation Lanthanides). 

Wetting is an absolute condition for detergency. However, wetting plays an important role in other applications as well. A special case is the penetration of fluids in porous material. That may be a bundle of fibers in the dying process or the stone matrix in enhanced oil recovery. One of the steps of lubrication is wetting of surfaces by lubricant liquids. Because other conditions must also be considered, the use of phosphorus-containing surfactants is beneficial. 

Currently, worldwide production of aldehydes exceeds 7 million tons/year (1). Higher aldehydes are important intermediates in the synthesis of industrial solvents, biodegradable detergents, surfactants, lubricants, and other plasticizers. The process, called hydroformylation or more familiarly, the Oxo process, refers to the addition of hydrogen and the formyl group, CHO, across a double bond. Two possible isomers can be formed (linear or branched) and the linear isomer is the desired product for these applications. 

SFC-FID is widely used for the analysis of (nonvolatile) textile finish components. An application of SFC in fuel product analysis is the determination of lubricating oil additives, which consist of complex mixtures of compounds such as zinc dialkylthiophosphates, organic sulfur compounds (e.g. nonylphenyl sulfides), hindered phenols (e.g. 2,6-di-f-butyl-4-methylphenol), hindered amines (e.g. dioctyldiphenylamines) and surfactants (sulfonic acid salts). Classical TLC, SEC and LC analysis are not satisfactory here because of the complexity of such mixtures of compounds, while their lability precludes GC determination. Both cSFC and pSFC enable analysis of most of these chemical classes [305]. Rather few examples have been reported of thermally unstable compounds analysed by SFC an example of thermally labile polymer additives are fire retardants [360]. pSFC has been used for the separation of a mixture of methylvinylsilicones and peroxides (thermally labile analytes) [361]. 

From the characteristics of the methods, it would appear that FD-MS can profitably be applied to poly-mer/additive dissolutions (without precipitation of the polymer or separation of the additive components). The FD approach was considered to be too difficult and fraught with inherent complications to be of routine use in the characterisation of anionic surfactants. The technique does, however, have a niche application in the area of nonpolar compound classes such as hydrocarbons and lubricants, compounds which are difficult to study using other mass-spectrometry ionisation techniques. 

Applications SFE-SFC solves problems in such diverse areas as polymers/monomers, oils/lubricants, foods, pharmaceuticals, natural products, specialty chemicals, coatings, surfactants and others. Off-line SFE-SFC survives alongside on-line determinations of additives, because of the need for representative sample sizes. Off-line SFE-SFC was used for extraction of AOs from PP [102]. In cases where the analyst wishes to perform further analysis on the extracted species, it is useful to be able to isolate the extract from the solvent. The ability to remove the solvent easily is particularly important when SFE is coupled on-line to chromatographic techniques, but is equally important for trace analysis when it is useful to concentrate... 

Fatty alcohol and fatty acid ethoxylates are amphiphilic compounds that are commonly used as nonionic surfactants and emulsifiers in many applications, such as cosmetic and care products and in textile fabrication. They serve as antistatic lubricants and viscosity regulators. 

Industrially, silicone surfactants are used in a variety of processes including foam, textile, concrete and thermoplastic production, and applications include use as foam stabilisers, defoamers, emulsifiers, dispersants, wetters, adhesives, lubricants and release agents [1]. The ability of silicone surfactants to also function in organic media creates a unique niche for their use, such as in polyurethane foam manufacture and as additives to paints and oil-based formulations, whilst the ability to lower surface tension in aqueous solutions provides useful superwetting properties. The low biological risk associated with these compounds has also led to their use in cosmetics and personal care products [2]. 

In polymer applications derivatives of oils and fats, such as epoxides, polyols and dimerizations products based on unsaturated fatty acids, are used as plastic additives or components for composites or polymers like polyamides and polyurethanes. In the lubricant sector oleochemically-based fatty acid esters have proved to be powerful alternatives to conventional mineral oil products. For home and personal care applications a wide range of products, such as surfactants, emulsifiers, emollients and waxes, based on vegetable oil derivatives has provided extraordinary performance benefits to the end-customer. Selected products, such as the anionic surfactant fatty alcohol sulfate have been investigated thoroughly with regard to their environmental impact compared with petrochemical based products by life-cycle analysis. Other product examples include carbohydrate-based surfactants as well as oleochemical based emulsifiers, waxes and emollients. 

Vegetable oils represent only 5% of the renewable resources available. Today, vegetable oils currently provide a marginal carbon feedstock contribution to the chemical industry in such applications as solvents, surfactants, and lubricants. Vegetable oils may, however, play a much more important role in the future. They are mixtures of fatty acid trigclycerides whose typical molecular structures are given in Figure 10.12. 

By 2000, the alpha olefin market had grown to more than 3. billion pounds. Technology had brought down the cost of producing them and simultaneously, a broad range of applications for all the alpha olefins expanded rapidly—surfactants, synthetic lubricants, plasticizer alcohols, fatty acids, mercaptans, comonomers, biocides, paper and textile sizing, oil field chemicals, lube oil., additives, plastic processing aids, and cosmetics. 

The variety of alpha olefin application is extensive, including polymers, surfactants, synthetic lubricants, lube oil additives, plasticizer alcohols, mer-captans, and fatty acids. 

Owing to its chemically highly aggressive nature, fluorine is difficult and hazardous to handle and it can be manufactured only via the electrolytic oxidation of fluoride. Fluorine gas has been produced commercially since 1946 and has found applications in many areas of fluorine chemistry (polymers, surfactants, lubricants, thermally stable liquids, blood replacement and pharmaceuticals, propellants, etc.). Inorganic fluorides such as Sp6 and UFe [21] have technical applications. Fluorous solvent systems [22] provide novel reaction environments fundamentally different from both aqueous and hydrocarbon media [23] and fluorine has been employed as a marker or spin label [24]. 

---