Surfactants lubricants

Currently, worldwide production of aldehydes exceeds 7 million tons/year (1). Higher aldehydes are important intermediates in the synthesis of industrial solvents, biodegradable detergents, surfactants, lubricants, and other plasticizers. The process, called hydroformylation or more familiarly, the Oxo process, refers to the addition of hydrogen and the formyl group, CHO, across a double bond. Two possible isomers can be formed (linear or branched) and the linear isomer is the desired product for these applications. 

Catalysts based on nickel that dimerize or oligomerize a-olefins have been known for many years and are commercially valuable. The Shell higher olefin process (SHOP), for example, uses Ni(II) catalysts developed by Keim and coworkers such as 1.1 and 1.2 bearing P-O chelating ligands to oligomerize ethylene into higher olefins in the manufacture of surfactants, lubricants, and fine chemicals (Fig. 1) [9-11]. Late transition metals are more suited for the polymerization of... 

Polyglycerols obtained by the dehydration of glycerol (Scheme 3.7) are employed as surfactants, lubricants, cosmetic, food additives, etc. Their esterification with fatty acids leads also to valuable emulsifiers or metal-working fluids. Zeolites have been used to take advantage of their shape selectivity effect to minimize oligomer formation, as described in two patents [61, 62]. A fair compromise between activity and selectivity has been obtained by Clacens et al. [63] using cesium-impregnated mesoporous MCM-41. 

Owing to its chemically highly aggressive nature, fluorine is difficult and hazardous to handle and it can be manufactured only via the electrolytic oxidation of fluoride. Fluorine gas has been produced commercially since 1946 and has found applications in many areas of fluorine chemistry (polymers, surfactants, lubricants, thermally stable liquids, blood replacement and pharmaceuticals, propellants, etc.). Inorganic fluorides such as Sp6 and UFe [21] have technical applications. Fluorous solvent systems [22] provide novel reaction environments fundamentally different from both aqueous and hydrocarbon media [23] and fluorine has been employed as a marker or spin label [24]. 

The synthesis of various multi-arm star polymers has long been of growing practical and theoretical interest to a variety of industries. Star polymers have shown to be useful as surfactants, lubricants, rheology modifiers, and viscosity modifiers. Actually, star polymers are considered as viscosity modifiers and oil additives (15). 

Another market application for naphthenic acid is the lire industry, where cobalt naphthenate is used as an adhesion promoter. Naphthenic acid esters have been repeatedly cited as surfactants, lubricants, and replacements for phthalates as plasticizers for PVC resins. 

The metathesis of oleochemicals in the presence of ethylene, also called ethenolysis, provides an efficient way to a-oleftns and 0)-unsaturated esters, which are useful intermediates for the synthesis of polymers, fragrances, surfactants, lubricants, and others [51, 52], The ethenolysis of methyl oleate was demonstrated in 1994 by Grubbs et al. using C3 [32], They could reach productive turnovers of 130-140. In 2001, Warwel et al. carried out the ethenolysis of the methyl esters of oleic, erucic, 5-eicosenoic, and petroselinic acids also in the presence of C3 [53]. The reactions were performed at 50°C and 10 bar using 0.025 mol% of catalyst and gave conversions from 58% to 74%. 

These fatty acids and oils, as well as their derivatives, are applied in a broad range of products such as surfactants, lubricants and coatings, and, obviously, biodiesel. Upon epoxidation of the double bonds of the unsaturated fatty acids, very important compounds for the polymer industry are produced, which are used as plasticizers and stabilizers for a broad range of polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyesters, and polyurethanes [71]. Another interesting application has been found in the conversion of epoxidized soybean oil to carbonated soybean oil that can be reacted with ethylene diamine to obtain a polyurethane with interesting properties [72], Traditionally, stoichiometric reagents are used for the epoxidation of these oils and fats, albeit in some cases, with limited results. Therefore, the MTO/H2O2 system has been explored to epoxidize unsaturated fatty acids and oils. 

Magnetic tapes 0.5-1.5 Antioxidant, dispersing agent or mixing aid, emulsifier or surfactant, lubricant, wetting agent... 

Poly(propylene oxide) is typically obtained by base catalyzed anionic polymerization of propylene oxide [12]. Both stereospecific and atactic forms are known. The polymer is used as a soft polyether unit in polyurethane elastomers and foams in polymer electrolytes as surfactants (lubricants, dispersants, antistatic agents, foam control agents) in printing inks, as solubilizers in hydraulic fluids, coolant compositions in various medical applications (protective bandages, drug delivery systems, organ preservation, dental compositions), etc. 

Use Alkyd resins, rosin esters, urethane coatings and foams, surfactants, lubricating oil additives. 

Use Alkylation, intermediate, antioxidants, surfactants, lubricant additive, plasticizers, rubber chemicals. 

His extensive career in phosphorus chemistry has emphasized topics like flame retardants for textiles and plastics, metal extractants, chelating agents, surfactants, lubricants, stabilizers for plastics, food additives, economiical processes for the synthesis of phosj orus insecticides and a considerable number of useful intermediates such as pher lphos ionous dichloride and derivatives as well as reactions leading to the formation of phosphorus-carbon bonds. 

Actrasol. [Climax Performance] Sul-fated or sulfonated anionic surfactants lubricant, emulsifier in metalworicing fluids, cleaners, textiles, paper processing fat liquor for leather mold release rust preventative. 

Laurex . [Albright Wilson Am. Alluight Wilsm UK] Primary fatty alcdiols raw material fw mfg. of surfactants lubricant emulsion polymerization stabilizer. 

MethoceL [Dow] Cellulose ethers binders, thickeners, film formers, water retention aids, suspending agents, surfactants, lubricants, emulsifier, protective ctdloid for foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, latex paints, construction prods., ceramics, otiier tqrplics. 

Linear alpha olefins (LAOs) are useful intermediates for a range of important commodity chemicals (including surfactants, lubricants, plasticizers, etc.). They are produced via ethylene oligomerisation, using transition metal catalysts. A major problem associated with these catalysts is the formation of a broad chain length distribution of ot-olefins. One approach to solving this problem, operating via a uniquely different mechanism, is ethylene trimerization and tetramerization to... 

Chem. Descrip. Aromatic acid phosphate ester Uses Surfactant lubricant antirust antistat good emulsification detergency pigment dispersant polymerization emulsifier Features Acid and alkali resist. sol. to high cone, electrolyte Iiq. Properties Transparent Iiq. sp.gr. 1.11 pH 2.0 (3% aq.) anionic 100% solids... 

Uses Surfactant, lubricant for fibers and plastics, metal-to-plastic wear interlaces antitack and mar resist, aid for urethane coatings slip agent in flexographic and gravure inks... 

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