Jojoba plant

Jojoba. Jojoba oil [61789-91-1] is obtained from the seeds of the jojoba plant grown in semiarid regions of Costa Rica, Israel, Mexico, and the United States. The oil is made up of ca 80 wt % of esters of eicos-ll-enoic and docos-13-enoic acids, and eicos-ll- -l-ol, and docos-13- -l-ol, ca 17 wt % of other hquid esters, with the balance being free alcohols, free acids, and steroids. Jojoba oil is used primarily in the formulation of cosmetics. Hydrogenated jojoba oil is a wax used in candles and other low volume specialty apphcations. 

Investigators also have described the potential of the jojoba plant. a native of the Sonoran desert of Mexico, Arizona, and California. The desert shrub produces seeds about the size of groundnuts (peanuts) which contain a liquid wax, frequently called jojoba oil. The oil is similar to... 

The jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis) produces wax esters rather than tri-acylglycerols in its seeds and it has become a significant crop for the cosmetic sector. Its wax consists mainly of long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain fatty alcohols. 

Jojoba Oil Oils from novel plant sources have also gained interest as potential fat substitutes. One such example is jojoba oU. Typically, jojoba plant can reach up to 4.5 m in height and live for more than 150 years. The plant is suitable for hot climates and can be grown on salty soils and even in deserts. The oil is obtained from an evergreen shrub of the Buxaceae family, Simmodsia chinensis. 

The southwestern jojoba plant is a source of high-quality lubricating oil, such as required in the automatic transmissions of automobiles and is a suitable replacement for sperm oil, the oil once obtained from the now-endangered sperm whale. Then there is the candelilla plant, which is used for candle wax, as the name infers. 

The commercial exploitation of sperm oil has led to the depletion of whale populations and is banned in some countries. Attention has, therefore, turned to the jojoba plant whose oil also consists of wax esters. Most fatty chemicals obtained from natural sources have chain lengths of Cig-Cig. The limited availability of compounds with 12-14 carbon atoms, which are important in surfactants, was one of the driving forces behind the development of petrochemical processes for the production of fatty alcohols. Higher alcohols, such as C20-C22 alcohols, can be produced from rapeseed oils rich in erucic acid and fish oils. Unsaturated fatty alcohols may be manufactured in the presence of selective catalysts. 

New photos include jojoba plant, use of triacylglycerols to thicken creams and lotions, and poisonous snake with venom that hydrolyzes phospholipids in red blood cells. 

The jojoba plant, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider, is amonotypic species of the family Simmondsiaceae in the order Caryophyllales (Crawley and Hilu, 2012). It is native to the Sonoran Desert in North America and, despite the name, jojoba is not native to China. The perennial evergreen shrub generally grows... 

While there are insect, fungal, and even small animal pests associated with the jojoba plant (Gentry, 1958), these are generally less of a hindrance than local climate and availability of water in winter and their effect on wax yield. The expense of registering pesticides for what is still a minor crop does not make economic sense, and microbial damage does not appear to be significant (Naqvi and Ting, 1990). 

Benzioni, A., Shiloh, E., Ventura, M., 1999. Yield parameters in young jojoba plants and their relation to actual yield in later years. Ind. Crops Prod. 10, 85-95. 

J. is a waxy, yellowish oil, which is slow to turn rancid and is undamaged by repeated heating to high temperatures. It is one of the few naturally occurring ->wax esters of unsaturated - fatty acids and unsaturated - fatty alcohols, mainly of a chainlength of C20-C22 The oil is obtained from the seeds of the ->jojoba plant. 

The problems with jojoba as a commercial crop are the usual ones of domestication and cultivation. It is a slow-growing plant, available only in the wild and therefore has very wide genetic variabiUty. Efforts are underway to select the most promising variants and cultivate these as a crop in the southwestern United States deserts (7). A possible alternative for producing jojoba oil is to culture plant embryos in bioreactors (see Cell culture technology). 

Jojoba - [CHEMURGY] (Vol 5) -growth regulators for [GROWTH REGULATIONS - PLANT] (Vol 12)... 

Simmondsia chinensis seed oil. Jojoba oil is another source of C20 and C22 compounds that has already been developed as a marketable product but in limited supply (195). It is produced by a drought-resistant plant that withstands desert heat. 

To elaborate more on the plants of the desert Southwest and Mexico, medical anthropologist and herbal authority John Heinerman has written Aloe Vera, Jojoba and Yucca, published in 1982, not to mention his many other books. 

The composition of hpids on the surface of leaves, stems, and fruits is quite different from that of hpids that form intracellular membranes. Their role is the protection of sensitive plant tissues against the loss of water and other biologically important volatiles. Waxes (i.e., esters of FA with monofunctional alcohols) are the most important components of these lipids. Some plant waxes are of commercial importance, such as camauba or candellila wax. They are solid at room temperature and in temperate climates, with the exception of liquid jojoba wax, and are plastic or even liquid in tropical climates. They contain bound saturated long-chain FA and alcohols. Waxes on the surface of apples and other fruits from temperate zones are solids or semisolid pastes, consisting of terpenes, ceryl cerotate, ceryl palmitate, and other esters. In the wax from lettuce leaves, higher alcohols prevail, with only small amounts of free FA (Bakker et al., 1998). Other components, such as alkanes, ketones, esters, secondary alcohols, were detected in other vegetables (e.g., in kale or rutabaga). 

Jojoba (jojoba oil). A perennial, dioecious plant (Sim-mondsia chinensis, Buxaceae) indigenous to California and Mexico. Oil content of seeds 45-50%, protein up to 30%. J. oil mp. 6.8-7°C, bp. 389°C. J. oil is an exception among the plant oils since it does not contain triglycerides but ra er a liquid wax ester. The main components of J. oil are docosenyl eicosenoate (37 %), eicosenyl eicosenoate (24%), and eicoseny 1 do-cosenoate (11%), thus mainly wax esters with 40 and 42 C atoms. The wax esters of J. oils are very stable to oxidation (see linoleic acid) since they consist to > 95% of mono-unsaturated fatty alcohols and acids of the ffl9-series. 

The plant kingdom is estimated to offer >300,000 species available to man (1) of which only a few hundred are in organized agriculture. In 1957, the USDA initiated a program to collect >8000 different plant species, many of which were analyzed for potential sources of starch, protein, oil, fiber, medicinal components, as well as any other unusual materials. As a result of this effort, >100 new oils were discovered. Of these new oilseed plants, three have progressed to the point of commercial production, crambe, jojoba, and meadowfoam. In addition, lesquerella is almost sufficiently developed to begin production. The unique chemical structures of these four seed oils and how they affect the chemistry of the oil will be the basis of this chapter. 

Surface waxes serve a number of functions usually associated with protection. In plants and insects they prevent desiccation and in birds they serve to waterproof feathers. While a few components present in surface lipids can prevent growth of pathogens, the total surface wax layer certainly functions to prevent microbial entry into the organism. Some surface lipids serve as chemical communicants such as the hydrocarbon sex attractants and kairomone of insects. Although internal waxes are infrequently found in Nature, where they do occur they act as energy storage (e.g. in jojoba seeds or marine organisms). For a fuller review of all aspects of natural waxes refer to Kolattukudy (1976). 

Elongation of fatty acids is important in two commercial oil seeds, rape and jojoba. Most varieties of rape accumulate large quantities of d5-13-docosenoic (erucic) acid in their seed triacylglycerols. This is formed by elongation of oleic acid and the reactions have been studied in rape and the closely related Crambe abyssinica (Appleby etaL, 1974). Elongation in jojoba (which accumulates lipid as wax esters) uses a system with oleoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as substrates. The enzymes involved have been studied in jojoba and other plants where very-long-chain fatty acids are synthesized (Pollard and Stumpf, 1980). 

For the last several years, there has been much interest in jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis, a plant native to the southwestern United States and Mexico, because of the presence of liquid wax esters in the seeds (Wisniak, 1988). Numerous schemes to convert desert land into orchards of these plants have been proposed. The oil is an excellent lubricant, has good emollient properties, and may replace sperm whale oil for many uses. As the fatty acid combination of Limnanthes douglasii (meadowfoam, Limnanthaceae) is quite similar to that of jojoba, the synthesis of a similar wax ester by hydrolysis and reduction followed by esterification has been proposed (Miwa and Wolff, 1962). 

Pollard, M. R., J. B. Ohlrogge, and P. K. Stumpf, Wax ester formation in the developing jojoba seed, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Joboba, (D. M. Yermanos, ed.), 71-81, International Committee on Jojoba and the Dept, of Botany and Plant Science, University of California Press, Riverside, 1978. 

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