Simmondsia chinensis

The jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis) produces wax esters rather than tri-acylglycerols in its seeds and it has become a significant crop for the cosmetic sector. Its wax consists mainly of long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain fatty alcohols. 

Jojoba oil was first produced as a possible substitute for the spermaceti oil or wax derived from sperm whales. Jojoba oil is pressed from the seeds of the jojoba tree (Simmondsia chinensis), which is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family. This oil is very stable and resistant to oxidation. Its uses are mostly cosmetic, in shampoos, lotions, and sun block lotions. It is also used as a lubricant, as a polish, and mixed with other oils and wax in water-resistant coatings and candles. 

Simmondsia chinensis seed oil. Jojoba oil is another source of C20 and C22 compounds that has already been developed as a marketable product but in limited supply (195). It is produced by a drought-resistant plant that withstands desert heat. 

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a shrub that is native to the Sonoran desert its seed contains 50% of a liquid wax ester. The linear wax ester has a main fatty acid frag-... 

Synonyms Alcohols, jojoba Jobacohol Definition Alcohol fraction obtained by saponification of jojoba oil Toxicoiogy LD (oral, mouse) > 50 ml/kg Uses Emollient in cosmetics Jojoba (Buxus chinensis) extract CAS 90045-98-0 EINECS/ELINCS 289-964-3 Synonyms Buxus chinensis Jojoba extract Simmondsia chinensis extract Definition Extract of the nuts of the jojoba, Buxus chinensis... 

Simmondsia chinensis extract. See Jojoba (Buxus chinensis) extract Simplesse 10(t, Simplesse 100 A, Simpiesse 500, Simplesse 550] Simplesse 710] Simplesse 720] Simplesse 730, Simplesse Grade A 500. See Whey protein Simulsol 7. See Steareth-20 Simulsol 52. See Ceteth-2 Simulsol 56. See Ceteth-10 Simulsol 58. See Ceteth-20 Simulsol 72. See Steareth-2 Simulsol 76. See Steareth-10 Simulsol 78. See Steareth-20 Simulsol 92. SeeOleth-2 Simulsol 96. See Oleth-10 Simulsol 98. See Oleth-20 Simulsol 220 TM. See PEG-200 glyceryl stearate... 

Wax esters from jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis, Simmonds-iaceae) consist of molecules with mostly C20 acid (monoene) esterified with about an equal mixture of C20 and C22 alcohols (monoene) (Yermanos, 1978 1981 Miwa, 1971). In studies of the biosynthesis of the fatty acids and alcohols in slices of fresh jojoba cotyledons, a radioactive label from glucose was incorporated into all carbons of both the C20 and C22 acids and alcohols. In contrast, exogenous acetate was used almost entirely for chain elongation from endoge-... 

For the last several years, there has been much interest in jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis, a plant native to the southwestern United States and Mexico, because of the presence of liquid wax esters in the seeds (Wisniak, 1988). Numerous schemes to convert desert land into orchards of these plants have been proposed. The oil is an excellent lubricant, has good emollient properties, and may replace sperm whale oil for many uses. As the fatty acid combination of Limnanthes douglasii (meadowfoam, Limnanthaceae) is quite similar to that of jojoba, the synthesis of a similar wax ester by hydrolysis and reduction followed by esterification has been proposed (Miwa and Wolff, 1962). 

Isol. from soya beans (Glycine max) and jojoba beans (Simmondsia chinensis) and also from Fagopyrum escidentum (buckwheat). Powder. 

Isol. from soya bean (Glycine max) seeds and jojoba meal (Simmondsia chinensis). Powder. Md +159. 

C16H25NO9 375.375 Constit. of Simmondsia californica and Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba). Appetite suppressant. Waxy solid. 

Sato, A., Becker, C. and Knauf, V.C. (1992) Nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA clone encoding stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase from Simmondsia chinensis. Plant Physiol. 99, 362-363. 

Fig. 1. Structure of triacylglycerols (I), i.e. the typical reserve lipids of oil seeds, and of ionic and non-ionic polar lipids (II), such as glycerophospholipids and glycerogalactolipids, which function as membrane lipids. Wax esters (III) are only formed in jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) seeds as energy reserves. (Rj, R2, R3 various acyl moieties R4 alkoxy moiety X various polar head groups of ionic and non-ionic membrane lipids)...

Table6. Wax esters in jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) A comparison of somatic embryos grown in vitro with zygotic embryos grown in vivo and in vitro. After Ref. [86]...

Source Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. Schneid. (syn. Buxus chinensis Link Simmondsia californica Nutt.) (Family Simmondsiaceae). 

What makes that an acyl-CoA elongase from Simmondsia chinensis forms only monounsaturated VLCFA whereas those from leek leaves form exclusively the saturated ones It has been postulated that this could result from either the specificity of the elongases towards saturated or unsaturated acyl-CoAs, or from the competition of other enzymes for the same substrates. The first hypothesis was ruled out in leek when it was demonstrated that the purified elongases had no specificity towards the acyl chain-length or the unsaturation (3). 

The desert shrub jojoba Simmondsia chinensis, Link) appears to be the only plant system that synthesizes large quantities of liquid wax. Two enzymes are specific to the wax biosynthetic pathway fatty acyl-CoA reductase, which catalyzes the NADPH-specific reduction of the fatty acyl moiety of acyl-CoA to fatty alcohol, and acyl-CoA fatty alcohol acyltransferase, which catalyzes the coupling of fatty acid to fatty alcohol. 

M Closkey, R.T. (1983) Perognathus baileyi and jojoba Simmondsia chinensis) A test of their association. Journal of Mammalogy, 64 499-501. 

Sherbrooke, W.C. (1976) Differential acceptance of toxic jojoba seed (Simmondsia chinensis) by four Sonoran Desert heteromyid rodents. Ecology, 57 596-602. 

The jojoba plant, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider, is amonotypic species of the family Simmondsiaceae in the order Caryophyllales (Crawley and Hilu, 2012). It is native to the Sonoran Desert in North America and, despite the name, jojoba is not native to China. The perennial evergreen shrub generally grows... 

Al-Soqeer, A., Motawei, M.I., Al-Dakhil, M., El-Mergawi, R., Al-Khalifah, N., 2012. Genetic variation and chemical traits of selected new jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (link) Schneider) genotypes. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 

Gentry, H.P, 1958. The natural history of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) and its cultural aspects. Econ. Bot. 12, 261-295. 

Ince, A.G., Karaca, M., Onus, A.N., 2010. A reliable gender diagnostic PCR assay for jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider). Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 57, 773-779. 

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