Short-Term Administration

The effects of dmgs and adjuvants must be assessed, both in short-term administration and during chronic treatment. Local effects include changes in mucocihary clearance, cell damage, and irritation. Chronic erosion of the mucous membrane may lead to inflammation, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and deterioration of normal nasal function (76). 

The following studies were designed to assess and quantify both the neuro chemical and neurodegenerative effects of short-term administration of MDMA on monoamine neurons in rat brain. 

PN can be administered via a smaller peripheral vein (e.g., cephalic or basilic vein) or via a larger central vein (e.g., superior vena cava). Peripheral PN (PPN) is infused via a peripheral vein and generally is reserved for short-term administration (up to 7 days) when central venous access is not available. PN formulations are hypertonic, and infusion via a peripheral vein can cause thrombophlebitis. Factors that increase the risk of phlebitis include high solution osmolarity, extreme pH, rapid infusion rate, vein properties, catheter material, and infusion time via the same vein.20 The osmolarity of PPN admixtures should be limited to 900 mOsm/L or less to minimize the risk of phlebitis. The approximate osmolarity of a PN admixture can be calculated from the osmolarities of individual components ... 

Hubermont G. Buchet J-P, Roels H, et al. 1976. Effect of short-term administration of lead to pregnant rats. Toxicology 5 379-384. 

Takamatsu Y, Simmons PJ, Moore RJ et al. Osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is stimulated during short term administration of granuloc34e colony stimulating factor but is not responsible for hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization. Blood. 1998 92 3465 3473. 

Short-term administration Short-term administration of sulfonylureas may be sufficient during periods of transient loss of control in patients usually well controlled on diet. 

In severely disturbed, nonpsychotic children or in hyperactive children with conduct disorders, short-term administration may suffice. There is little evidence that behavior improvement is further enhanced by dosages more than 6 mg/day. 

Barbizhayev, M. A. (2004). Rejuvenation of visual function in older adult drivers and drivers with cataract during a short-term administration of N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eye drops. Rejuvenation Res. 7,186-198. 

The use of corticosteroids is often suggested for elderly patients with chronic tophaceous gout, since gout in the older individual often displays symptoms similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis. Patients can be given short-term administration of corticosteroids, especially for acute flare-ups. The concomitant use of alcohol, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and most diuretics should be avoided. 

Yamamoto Y et al (1984) Pyrimethamine teratogenesis by short term administration in Goettingen miniature pig. Cong Anom 24 83-87... 

Bender, B.G., McCormick, D.R., and Milgrom, H. (2001) Children s school performance is not impaired by short-term administration of diphenhydramine or loratadine./ Pediatr 138 656-660. 

The delay in onset of anxiolytic and antipanic effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and related compounds is still an issue of much speculation. It appears paradoxical that serotonin reuptake inhibitors block serotonin uptake immediately, whereas it takes weeks before their therapeutic effects become apparent. Recently, the idea was advanced that the tentative enhanced serotonin neurotransmission caused by short-term administration of serotonin reuptake inhibitors is offset by negative feedback in the raphe nuclei (Artigas 1993 Blier and de Montigny 1994). The increased level of serotonin in the somatodendritic area, resulting from serotonin uptake inhibition, reduces serotonin neuronal firing through activation of the 5-HTj, autoreceptors. Alterations in the feedback regulation upon repeated administration may... 

As in the human studies, CCK-4 and other peptides must be given to primates intravenously to compensate for the short half-life, but the behavioral stress of short-term administration would confound behavioral observations. The implantation of an indwelling venous catheter that is protected by a jacket and swivel assembly allows administration of peptide or placebo without handling or alerting the animals. Behavioral observations may be made both immediately and from videotape records habituation and daily observations minimize nonspecific behavioral effects. In our own studies, monkeys typically receive placebo, CCK-4, or an analogue intravenously every second or third day but are often videotaped every day. 

Lee A, Lader M. Tolerance and rebound during and after short-term administration of quazepam, triazolam and placebo to healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988 3 31-47. 

Gallicano K, Choudhri S, Leclaire T, Poster BC. Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003 55 199-202. 

Carlson GP. 1980b. Induction of xenobiotic metabolism in rats by short-term administration of brominated phenyl ethers. Toxicol Lett 5(1) 19-26. 

Williams JK, Adams MR, Herrington DM, Clarkson TB. Short-term administration of estrogen and vascular responses of atherosclerotic coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992 20(2) 452-7. 

Elte JW, van der Schroeff JG, van Leeuwen AW, Radder JK. Sclerosing granuloma after short-term administration of depot-insulin Hoechst. Case report and a review of the literature. Klin Wochenschr 1982 60(23) 1461-4. 

Several studies have suggested that single or short-term administration of G-CSF did not produce significant changes in the serum concentrations of cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, or thyrotropin (SEDA-20, 337 ... 

Grassi D, Lippi C, Necozione S, Desideri G, Ferri C. 2005. Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons. Am J Clin Nutr 81 611-614. 

Puskas L. G., Kitajka K., Nyakas C., Barcelo-Coblijn G., and Farkas T. (2003). Short-term administration of omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil results in increased transthyretin transcription in old rat hippocampus. Pioc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 1580-1585. 

B. W. Ramsey, 8. J. Aslley, M. L. Ailken, W, Burke, A. A. Colin, H. L, Dorian, J. D. hisenbe, K. L. Gibson, I. R. Harwood, D. V. Schidlow, et al. Efficacy and safety of short-term administration of aerosolized recombinant human deoxyribonuclease in patients with cystic fibrosis. Am. jfeu Reqtir. Dm, /4 ]45-l Jl (1993k... 

Jones, P.J., Howell, T., MacDougall, D.E., Feng, J.Y., and Parsons, W. 1998. Short-term administration of tall oil phytosterols improves plasma lipid profiles in subjects with different cholesterol levels. Metabolism 47, 751-756. 

Kastelein JJP, Wedel MK, Baker BF, Su J, Bradley JD, Yu RZ, Chuang E, Graham MJ, Crooke RM. Potent reduction of apolipoprotein B and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by short-term administration of an antisense inhibitor of apolipoprotein B. Circulation 2006 114 1729-35. 

The duration of studies is in general 1-3 months or in case of short term administration in humans and for acute life-threatening indications up to two weeks. For chronic indications, 6 months studies are recommended. 

Use of dipyrone is compromised by a very rare but serious adverse reaction, viz., bone marrow depression. The incidence of agranulocytosis remains controversial probably, one case occurs in > 100 000 treatments. Hypotension may occur after intravenous injection. Dipyrone is not for routine use however, short-term administration is recommended for appropriate individual cases. 

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