Valley winds

FIGURE 1.3 Changes ofwind directions in a valley during 24 hours (from A [night] to H [night again]). Black arrows indicate valley winds and white arrows indicate slope winds. (From Geiger, 1965.)... 

Winds were studied in the Carbon River Valley near Mount Rainier (5). The longitudinal sectional winds are shown in Figure 5 a and b. The down-valley or mountain wind persisted until midafternoon on 9 and 10 August. The up-valley or valley winds started at the base of the valley at 1200 on 10 August and increased in thickness during the afternoon. Above these valley winds were anti-valley and anti-mountain winds which varied in direction from the lower winds by 90 to 180 degrees. 

Figure h. Schematic illustration of the slope and valley winds where A, is about sunrise B, about midmorning C, about noon D, afternoon E, early evening F, early night G, midnight and H, dawn. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. h. Copyright 1967> Harvard University Press.)... 

Figure 5. Mountain and valley winds in the Carbon River Valley near -vicinity of Mount Rainier, Washington. Local down valley direction AV, antivalley wind AM, antimountain wind M, mountain wind V, valley wind. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 5. Copyright 1966, Springer Verlag.)...

Figure 6. Slope and valley winds for lU selected days in June 1980. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 6. Copyright 1981, Brent M. Bowen.)...

Inversions tend to inhibit mixing of air below the inversion with that above the inversion. The combination of the Pacific high pressure, tbpograpy and generally clear sky conditions found in the Pacific Northwest during the summer months results in multilevel inversions (e.g. subsidence, marine air, valley and canopy inversions). All of these could affect a particular site. However, the valley and canopy inversions are the most common. These, in combination with slope and valley winds, greatly affect the distribution of particle and gaseous dispersoids. 

Topography also influences local winds, precipitation, and temperature. For example, valley winds can form as air along a hillside is warmed during the day and thus rises, drawing air up the valley, or as air cools at night and thus flows downhill toward the valley bottom (Fig. 4-22b). In another topographic effect, the windward side of a mountain range often receives extra... 

Mesoscale. Phenomena occurring on scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers, such as land-sea breezes, mountain-valley winds, and migratory high- and low-pressure fronts. 

FIGURE 8.20 The extension of the periodic system into the sectors of strangeness (5, 5) and antimatter (Z, N). The stable valley winds out of the known proton (Z) and neutron (N) plane into the S and S sector, respectively. The same can be observed for the antimatter sector, in the upper part of the figure only the stable valley in the usual proton (Z) and neutron (N) plane is plotted, however, extended into the sector of antiprotons and antineutrons, in the second part of the figure it has been indicated, how the stable valley winds out of the Z-N plane into the strangeness sector. 

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