Lithium sulphur dioxide primary

Table 56.3 Specification of Mallory lithium-sulphur dioxide primary cells...

Other suppliers of lithium-sulphur dioxide primary cells include Eagle Richer (US) Power Conversion Inc. (US) (0.5-35 Ah capacity) SAFT... 

Typical voltage characteristics on medium load for a lithium type (lithium-sulphur dioxide) battery is compared with those for other types of primary battery in Figure 9.4. The outstandingly higher voltage of the lithium system is apparent. 

The lithium-sulphur dioxide battery has a high power density and is capable of delivering its energy at high current or power levels, well beyond the capability of conventional primary batteries. It also has a flat discharge characteristic. 

Lithium-sulphur dioxide cells are available in a variety of cylindrical cell sizes from companies such as Honeywell and Duracell International, capacities available ranging from 0.45 to 21 Ah. Larger cells are under development. A number of the cells are manufactured in standard ANSI (American National Standards Institute) cell sizes in dimensions of popular conventional zinc primary cells. While these single cells may be physically interchangeable, they are not electrically interchangeable because of the high cell voltage of the lithium cell. 

Honeywell have described their work on the development of an alternative electrolyte for a multi-cell lithium-sulphur dioxide resen e battery. In developing a multi-cell lithium reserve battery, the lithium bromide-sulphur dioxide acetonitrile electrolyte system used in their primary batteries was found to be unstable when stored by itself at high temperature - a functional capability required for all resen e applications. In addition to consumption of the oxidant sulphur dioxide in reactions causing instability, some of the products of electrolyte degradation arc solid, which would cause nrajor problems in activation. Primary active cells after storage do not undergo such degradation reactions. 

Other applications include utility meters, random access memory applications, weather balloons, oceanographic equipment, process controllers, switch gear, test equipment, on-board aircraft computers, emergency locator equipment, rocket propulsion equipment for satellites, military equipment and anti-satellite missiles. Lithium-sulphur dioxide is the prineipal high energy primary battery system used in the world to power military eleetronies equipment, e.g. the BA 5990 type eell is used by the US military to power some 40 different types of eleetronie equipment. 

Figure 56.2 Mallory primary lithium-sulphur dioxide calls typical discharge characteristics (Courtesy of Mallory)...

Primary batteries, silver—zinc and silver chloride-magnesium seawater batteries secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, silver—zinc, silver-cadmium, lithium-sulphur dioxide, lithium-thionyl chloride. 

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide second batteries, nickel-cadmium, lead-acid. PhUips USFA BV Lithium-sulphur dioxide. 

Duracell UK Technical Division Duracell House Gatwick Road, Crawley RHIO 2PA Primary batteries, mercury-zinc, silver-zinc, lithium solid electrolyte types, nickel-cadmium, lithium-sulphur dioxide, lithium-manganese dioxide, zinc-air. See also Duracell (US)... 

Primary lithium-thionyl chloride M. lost (also lithium-iron disulphide, lithium-copper oxide, lithium-sulphur dioxide, lithium-vanadium pentoxide, lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-lead bismuthate, lithium-silver chromate)... 

Primary batteries, magnesium types, lithium types secondary batteries, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, lithium-thionyl chloride, lithium—sulphur dioxide, nickel-zinc. 

Within each Part, chapters are included on all available types of primary batteries, secondary batteries and batteries available in primary and secondary versions. The primary batteries include carbon-zinc, carbon-zinc chloride, mercury-zinc and other mercury types, manganese dioxide-magnesium perchlorate, magnesium organic, lithium types (sulphur dioxide, thionyl chloride, vanadium pentoxide, iodine and numerous other lithium types), thermally activated and seawater batteries. Batteries available in primary and secondary Corms include alkaline manganese, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, zinc-air and cadmium-air. The secondary batteries discussed include lead-acid, the nickel types (cadmium, iron, zinc, hydrogen), zinc-chlorine, sodium-sulphur and other fast ion types. 

Yuasa Battery Co. Ltd, 6-6 Josai-cho, Takatsukishi, Osaka-fii 569 also International Division, 12-112 Chome, Higashi-Shinbashi Minako-ku, Tokyo 105 Primary batteries, carbon-zinc Leclanchd, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, sealed lead-acid. Sodium-sulphur, lithium-manganese dioxide. 

Heating A, Af -diphenylurea with amines (butylamine, cyclohexylamine, benzylamine, 2,6-diethylaniline or morpholine) in DMF in the presence of triethylamine yields unsym-metrical ureas, e.g. PhNHCONHBu from butylamine . High yields of isocyanates RNCO are obtained in the reactions of primary aliphatic amines, carbon dioxide and triethylamine with phosphorus oxychloride . Treatment of secondary amines with butylUthium, followed by carbon monoxide at —78 °C under atmospheric pressure, sulphur and an alkyl halide affords 5-alkyl thiocarbamates, e.g. Et2NC(0)SCH2Ph from diethylamine and benzyl bromide. The key step in the sequence is the generation of the lithium thiocarbamate shown in equation 112 . 

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