Lithium systems

Table 1. Theoretical Energy Densities for Rechargeable Lithium Systems...

Estimated data on a number of ternary lithium systems theoretically investigated as extensions of the Li-Si binary system are included in Table 2. Also included are comparable data for the binary Li-Si alloy... 

In many systems, both single-phase and polyphase behaviors are found in different composition ranges. Intermediate, as well as terminal, phases often have been found to have quite wide ranges of composition. Examples are the broad Zintl phases found in several of the binary lithium systems studied by Wen [29]. 

A smaller number of binary lithium systems have also been investigated at lower temperatures. This has involved measure-... 

In contrast to the lithium system, the Na-Zn phase diagram shows only NaZnl3 ... 

From the Table IV, it also shows that the low styrene content in the copolymer may relate to the polymerization temperature. As the polymerization temperature was increased from 5° to 70°C, the styrene content of the butadiene-styrene copolymer decreased from 21.7% to 9.1%, respectively. The decreasing in styrene content at higher temperature is consistent with the paper reported by Adams and his associates (16) for thermal stability of "living" polymer-lithium system. In Adams paper, it was concluded that the formation of lithium hydride from polystyryllithium and polybutadienyllithium did occur at high temperature in hydrocarbon solvent. The thermal stability of polystyryllithium in cyclohexane is poorer than polybutadienyllithium. From these results, it appears that the decreasing in styrene content in lithium morpholinide initiated copolymerization at higher temperature is believed to be associated with the formation of lithium hydride. 

Lithium systems may be classified according to the physical state of the positive electroactive material ... 

Initial development of ambient secondary lithium batteries was based on the primary lithium systems described in Chapter 4, consisting of a lithium metal negative, a non-aqueous lithium ion conducting electrolyte and a positive electrode material which could undergo a reversible electrochemical reaction with lithium ions ... 

The influence of tetrahydrofuran on the propagation and association behavior of poly(isoprenyl)Iithiura in n-hexane has been examined47. As for the case of poly(styryl)lithium156), the rate of polymerization was found to first increase followed then by a decrease as the THF/active center ratio increased. This decrease ultimately reached the polymerization rate found in pure tetrahydrofuran at a THF active center ratio of ca. 2 x 103. This was for the case where the active center concentration was held constant and the tetrahydrofuran concentration varied. The maximum rate of polymerization was found to occur at a THF active center ratio of about 500 a value at which the viscometric measurements demonstrated 47 the virtual absence of poly(isoprenyl)lithium self-aggregation. As noted before in this review, the equilibrium constant for the process shown in Eq. (12) has the relatively small value of about 0.5 LM-1, which is in sharp contrast with the value of about 160 LM 1 found for the THF-poly(styryl)lithium system. The possibility of complexation of THF directly with the poly(isoprenyl)lithium aggregates, Eq. (13), was not considered by Morton and Fetters47. ... 

The stress level in an alloy may also affect the corrosion rate in lithium. Failures of bellows and sharp cornered channels have often been noted in lithium systems. This is contrary to considerable experience in sodium and to recent experiments at the Colorado School of Mines (Figure 8), and the subject is still controversial. High nitrogen content (> 100 ppm) in lithium certainly increases the corrosion rate and might be a prerequisite for stress-related increases in the corrosion rate. In addition, the role of hydrogen in lithium is believed to be critical in all these compatibility studies, but no research has yet begun on this topic. 

Neurons were divided into 9 groups largely according to stimulus chemistry. A sodium-lithium system was seen in the rat and goat but not the cat and dog. Amino acid responsive neurons were seen in all species except the goat, with major species differences. Amino acid responsive neurons were also, except for the cat, responsive to sugar. A nucleotide system was seen only in the cat. Acid (Br nsted) responsive neurons were seen in all species, but the cat and dog acid taste systems were different from others. A system responsive to furaneol and other compounds present in fruit was seen only in the dog. A system exclusively responsive to alkaloids was found in rat and goat. 

A preliminary study of the most recent analyses of meteorites of different classes showed that, either for any one class or for the meteorites as a whole the even numbered or helium system elements are very much more abundant than those of the odd numbered or lithium system. For a more detailed study use was made of the data collected by Farrington, who suggests that the average composition of meteorites may represent the composition of the earth as a whole. 

In each of these two systems (A) and (B) the electrolyte remains invariant if the stoichiometric factor for the co-inserted solvent molecules (not shown here) is identical. This great advantage, which, particularly in lithium systems, is also an advantage for the mass of the system, is lost in system (C) ... 

Sections 9.1 and 9.2 will deal with hybrid systems, in which one electrode is a metal or an inorganic compound such as PbOa or TiS2. Lithium systems are treated separately (Section 9.1) fixtm the others (Section 9.2) because of their great diversification (cf. Tables 10 and 11). Though this is not the place to cover all the... 

SMI/MOS] Smith, J. F., Moser, Z., Thermodynamic properties of binary lithium systems - a review, J. Nucl. Mater., 59, (1976), 158-174. Cited on page 412. 

In this condition the renal tubules are unresponsive to antidiuretic hormone and, as such, the subject has polyuria. The condition may be congenital or acquired. Acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can result from several causes, such as chronic renal disease, potassium deficiency including primary aldosteronism, drugs such as lithium, systemic diseases such as multiple myeloma, and chronic hypercalcemias, including hyperparathyroidism. The damage to the renal tubules... 

The energy density of the system depends on the type of cell as well as the current drain. Table 3 gives the specification for the various lithium systems. These coin cells have already been widdy used in dectronic devices such as calculators and watches, whereas the cylindrical cells have found applications in cameras. 

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