Liquid hydrocarbons, composition

Extra life. Cun dill (Ref 1) gives composition in parts Zn chloride 50, AN 50, soli i hydrocarbons 10, liquid hydrocarbons 5 Amm carbonate 5. In Daniel (Ref 2) its compn is given in percentages as Zn chloride 41,37, AN 41.97, solid hydrocarbons 4.16, liquid hydrocarbons 8,34 Amm carbonate 4.16%... 

Ammonium nitrate prills are often mixed with fuel oil (liquid hydrocarbons) to produce a commercial explosive mixture known as ANFO which is used in quarrying. ANFO can be prepared in a factory by mixing both ingredients in a rotating container and dispensing the product into polyethylene or cardboard tubes. The tubes are then sealed and transported to the place of use. ANFO can also be prepared at the site where the explosive composition is to be used. Fuel oil is poured into a polyethylene bag containing ammonium nitrate and left for some time to allow the oil to soak into the ammonium nitrate. The ANFO mixture is then poured from the polyethylene bag into the hole (i.e. shot-hole) where the explosive mixture is detonated. 

Natural gas, depending on its source, contains—besides methane as the main hydrocarbon compound (present usually in concentrations >80-90%)—some of the higher homologous alkanes (ethane, propane, butane). In wet gases the amount of C2-Q alkanes is more significant (gas liquids). Typical composition of natural gas of various origin2,3 is shown in Table 1.4. 

A number of processes have been used to produce carbon black including the oil-furnace, impingement (channel), lampblack, and the thermal decomposition of natural gas and acetylene (3). These processes produce different grades of carbon and are referred to by the process by which they are made, eg, oil-furnace black, lampblack, thermal black, acetylene black, and channel-type impingement black. A small amount of by-product carbon from the manufacture of synthesis gas from liquid hydrocarbons has found applications in electrically conductive compositions. The different grades from the various processes have certain unique characteristics, but it is now possible to produce reasonable approximations of most of these grades by the oil-furnace process. Since over 95% of the total output of carbon black is produced by the oil-furnace process, this article emphasizes this process. 

The diagram schematic is the same for simple hydrate systems of si (CH4 + H2O) and sll (N2 + H2O) as well as those of fixed natural gas mixture compositions, without a liquid hydrocarbon phase. Systems containing a liquid hydrocarbon are similar in behavior to the C3H8 + H2O diagram, discussed in Section 4.1.2. 

In Figure 4.2c for natural gases without a liquid hydrocarbon (or when liquid hydrocarbons exist below 273 K), the lower portion of the pressure-temperature phase diagram is very similar to that shown in Figure 4.2a. Two changes are (1) the Lw-H-V line would be for a fixed composition mixture of hydrocarbons rather than for pure methane (predictions methods for mixtures are given in Section 4.2 and in Chapter 5) and (2) quadruple point Qi would be at the intersection of the Lw-H-V line and 273 K, at a pressure lower than that for methane. The other three-phase lines of Figure 4.2a (for I-Lw-H and I-H-V) have almost the same slope at Qj. Otherwise, the same points in Section 4.1.1 apply. 

Wilcox et al 1941) phases. However, Ballard (2002) developed composition-independent sets of /f-values to provide the initial estimate for the component distribution between all possible phases vapor, liquid hydrocarbon, aqueous, si hydrate, sll hydrate, sH hydrate, ice, solid NaCl, solid KC1, and solid CaCl2. 

The third way of coal pipelining intensification supposes using the carrier liquid different than water. Oil products (crude oil, residual fuel oil, kerosene, fuel or Diesel oil and various mineral oils) or hydrocarbons (methanol, ethanol, carbonic acid, and other liquid organic compositions) can be used as a carrier liquid. 

Kozyuk, O. V., Method for Changing the Quantitative and Qualitative Composition of a Mixture of Liquid Hydrocarbons based on the Effects of Cavitation, U.S. Patent 5,969,207, Exclusively Licensed to Five Star Technologies (October 19,1999c). 

The methods used at BERC to characterize petroleum and coal liquids provide a means for systematic study of various alternate or synthetic crude oils. The compositional data so produced are useful for producers or refiners of such materials and give them a base for clearer comparison of all liquids produced. Data from the batch preparation of liquids and the subsequent characterization of these liquids will provide a clearer understanding of the effect of coal source on the hydrocarbon composition of the potential liquefaction products. Such information will be necessary for the proper upgrading of coals and coal liquids and will contribute to more efficient processing and end-use of these materials. 

Composition A mixture of high-hoiling solid petroleum hydrocarbons (paraffin) mixed with some liquid hydrocarbons which bave not been removed in the refining. 

Formulation has some influence on the resistance of composites to certain types of chemical solutions. In general, Chevron composites have about equal resistance to water, most mineral acids, and brines. In most cases, the composites have less resistance to oxidizing and basic solutions and to liquid hydrocarbons. However short-term contact can be tolerated usually without any serious detrimental effect on performance. In most circumstances, the composites have low resistance to caustic solutions, such as 5-10% NaOH. 

Membrane Pervaporation Since 1987, membrane pervaporation has become widely accepted in the CPI as an effective means of separation and recovery of liquid-phase process streams. It is most commonly used to dehydrate liquid hydrocarbons to yield a high-purity ethanol, isopropanol, and ethylene glycol product. The method basically consists of a selectively-permeable membrane layer separating a liquid feed stream and a gas phase permeate stream as shown in Fig. 25-19. The permeation rate and selectivity is governed by the physicochemical composition of the membrane. Pervaporation differs from reverse osmosis systems in that the permeate rate is not a function of osmotic pressure, since the permeate is maintained at saturation pressure (Ref 24). 

Liquids that have been examined are organic liquids (mostly alcohols and halogenated hydrocarbons), aqueous solutions of glycol, glycerol, ethanol, NaCl, Na2S03, synthetic fermentation media and a variety of electrolytes. The holdup may depend on the liquid phase composition. 

The principal output products are gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are remarkably similar to the refinery cracking products. Their chemical composition and properties strongly depend on the input feed composition, (i.e. proportion of polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene in the feedstock) and they can also be unstable due to their high reactive olefins content (especially from polyethylene and polystyrene cracking). 

Gaseous products include LPG range gases liquid products include liquid hydrocarbons solids include coke/residue. The average composition and properties of the output products depend upon the following factors. 

The differences in liquid product composition from the two types of processes are even more pronounced. The major liquid products (see Table V) from hydropyrolysis of 2 at 550°C are C6-Ci0 cyclohexenes and cyclohexanes, and C5-C8 open-chain hydrocarbons, while in thermal cracking the main liquid product at this temperature is 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalene. At 600°C a much higher conversion of 2 into C5—C10 aliphatic products is observed in the hydropyrolysis Experiment 25, whereas in the thermal cracking Experiment 26 there is much higher formation of aromatic products, i.e., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and... 

Solutions. A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which has tlie same chemical composition and the same physical properties throughout. All gas mixtures are examples of solutions since gases are completely miscible with one another. Similarly, liquid mixtiues of alcohol and water are solutions since they too are homogeneous, single-phase systems. On the other hand, a liquid hydrocarbon and water do not form solutions since these two liquids do not dissolve in one another and a heterogeneous, two-phase system results. In general, the more closely two substances resemble one another chemically, the more likely are they to form a solution. 

Effect of Oil Composition. Experimental data on the gas solubility in numerous crude oils indicate that the solubility increases as the specific gravity of the oil decreases. A low liquid gravity indicates the presence of appreciable concentrations of low molecular weight liquid hydrocarbons. Consequently there is a greater chemical similarity between the gas and the oil and a greater gas solubility is to be expected. 

The lipid-rich portions of coal are generally regarded as the source of the liquid hydrocarbons derived from coal (Snowdon, 1991). This hpid-rich fraction includes higher plant waxes and resins, as well as algal lipids admixed with the vascular plant materials. The element composition of coal is a key factor in determining its oilgenerating potential. Generally, coals are... 

Liquid hydrocarbons derived from coal have a composition that is somewhat distinctive, and that distinguishes them from oils derived from algal-dominated type I and II source rocks. For example, petroleum derived from coal tends to have high pristane/phytane ratios a ratio >4 is... 

Determination of maturity levels is critical to the success of any exploration program. Recovery of immature, but organic-rich, source rocks would indicate good source potential for such rocks if buried more deeply in other parts of the basin. At the other extreme, an overmature source rock would indicate a mature part of the basin not capable of generating additional liquid hydrocarbons, but possibly gas. There are several indicators available that can be used to estimate the relative maturity of a source rock. The traditional method is measuring the maturity of vitrinite. The chemical composition of the maceral... 

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