Crude Oil synthetic

Liquid hydrocarbon. This can include, for example, liquid petroleum (crude oil), synthetic hydrocarbon liquid, bitumen from oil (tar) sands, fractions obtained from crude oil, and liquid fats (e.g., triglycerides). 

Conventional crude oils" Synthetic crude oils ... 

Synthetic crude oil is the hydrocarbon liquid that is produced from bitumen, by a variety of processes that involve thermal decomposition. Synthetic crude oil (also referred to as syncrude) is a marketable and transportable product that resembles conventional crude oil. Synthetic crude oil, although it may be produced from one of the less conventional fossil fuel sources, can be accepted into and refined by the usual refinery system. 

H. Shaw, C. D. Kalfadehs, and C. E. Jahnig, Evaluation of Methods to Produce Aviation Turbine Fuels From Synthetic Crude Oils-Phase I, Technical Report AFAPL-TR-75-10, Vol. 1, Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Mar. 1975. 

Although the principles of multicomponent distiUation apply to petroleum, synthetic crude oil, and other complex mixtures, this subject warrants special consideration for the foUowing reasons ... 

Conventional coal-tar fuels from retorting Typical coal-derived fuels with different levels of hydrogenation Synthetic crude oils, by hydrogenation ... 

Many chemical products are produced from crude oil. Initially, little chemistry was involved therefore the petrochemicals were not considered part of the chemical process industry. Today, materials ranging from specialised fuels, plastics and synthetics makes it part of the chemical processing, The petroleum refinery is where the chemical processing of oil begins. 

From a practical standpoint, coal, because of its abundance, has received the most attention as a source for synthetic fuels. As early as 1807, a coal-gas system was used to light the streets of London, and until the 1930s, when less expensive and safer natural gas started to flow through newly constructed pipelines, gas piped to homes in the Eastern United States was derived from coal. Kerosene, originally a byproduct from the coking of coal tor metallurgical applications, can be considered the first synthetic lic -uid fuel made in quantity. But once crude oil became cheap and abundant, there was little serious research on synthetic liquid fuels in the industrial world until the Energy Crisis of 1973. The main exceptions to... 

After 1973 the United States invested heavily in synthetic fuel research and development, hoping synthetics could sciwc as economical substitutes for crude oil. However, coal conversion is not profitable unless the price of crude oil is over 50 per barrel, which is why the processes developed were mothballed when world crude oil prices fell in the 1980s. 

The major chemical difference between natural gas, crude oil, and coal is their hydrogen-to-carbon ratios. Coal is carbon-rich and hydrogen-poor, so to produce a synthetic liquid or gas from coal requires an increase in the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. Coal s ratio of about 0.8 has to be raised to 1.4 to 1.8 for a... 

The coal conversion efficiency to synthetic, pipeline-cjuality natural gas or licjtiid crude oil is in the 60 to 70 percent range. This means that only 60 to 70 percent of the latent heat energy in the coal can be obtained by burning the product of the conversion. However, for the lower Btu per cubic foot products of water gas and coke oven gas, conversion efficiencies can reach over 95 percent. 

Coal, oil shale, and tar sand are complex carbonaceous raw materials and possible future energy and chemical sources. However, they must undergo lengthy and extensive processing before they yield fuels and chemicals similar to those produced from crude oils (substitute natural gas (SNG) and synthetic crudes from coal, tar sand and oil shale). These materials are discussed briefly at the end of this chapter. 

The dynamic interfacial tension behavior of reacting acidic oil-alkaline solutions has been studied for both an artificially acidified synthetic oil and a real crude oil at various concentrations [131,132] with either a drop volume tensiometer or a spinning drop tensiometer. 

Used oil is any oil that has been refined from crude oil or any synthetic oil that has been used and, as a result of such use, is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities. In other words, used oil must meet each of the following three criteria origin, use, and contamination. First, the used oil... 

South America and Western Europe). But the large reserves of near-surface subbituminous coals and lignites are also being looked upon as future sources of synthetic fuel gases and liquid hydrocarbons that would augment production of synthetic crude oils from, e.g., Northern Alberta s oil sands (4). 

A method to produce synthetic oil by contacting the crude oil with Vibrio furnissii Ml (PERM P-18382) was disclosed by Miyamoto et al. [443],... 

The primary product from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a complex multiphase mixture of hydrocarbons, oxygenates, and water. The composition of this mixture is dependent on the Fischer-Tropsch technology and considerable variation in carbon number distribution, as well as the relative abundance of different compound classes is possible. The primary Fischer-Tropsch product has to be refined to produce final products, and in this respect, it is comparable to crude oil. The primary product from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis can therefore be seen as a synthetic crude oil (syncrude). There are nevertheless significant differences between crude oil and Fischer-Tropsch syncrude, thus requiring a different refining approach.1... 

It will be interesting to see whether the GTL trend started by the SMDS process will continue. The inclusion of lubricating oil production as part of the Pearl GTL design indicates that it may not. In a related field there also seems to be movement. In oil sands processing, where the product traditionally had been a synthetic crude oil that was sold for refining elsewhere, there seems to be increasing interest in adding value to the product.71... 

The first step — hydrogenation of coal — was the same for fuels and rubber. Powdered coal suspended in oil was pumped under great pressure with hydrogen over a catalyst and was converted into a synthetic crude oil. From this crude oil came Leuna gasoline, diesel fuel, iso-octane for aviation gasoline, ethylene oxide, and many other synthetic products. Coal, treated with scalding steam, was also processed into methanol. 

GMD [Gas to middle distillate] A process for converting natural gas to diesel oil or synthetic crude oil. The catalyst is cobalt and rhenium on alumina, used in a slurry reactor. Developed by Statoilinthe 1980s. 

GTSC [Gas to syncrude] A process for converting natural gas to a synthetic crude oil which may be mixed with natural crude oil and used in conventional oil refineries. Based on F-T technology, but using a proprietary slurry bubble column reactor with a promoted cobalt catalyst. Developed by Syncrude Technology, Pittsburgh, PA, in the 1990s. 

Understanding POCs interactions with crude oil, oil-products and synthetic surfactants in fresh and salt waters ... 

Synthetic camphor, 24 540 Synthetic compounds, as plant growth regulators, 13 39-56 Synthetic crude oil, 13 640 Synthetic cyclic molecules, 24 35 Synthetic diamond, 3 530-543 catalyzed synthesis, 3 531-535 crystal growth, 3 535 crystal morphology, 3 534-535 crystal structure, 3 537-538 direct graphite-to-diamond process, 3 535-538... 

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