Legislative restrictions

Most carbide acetylene processes are wet processes from which hydrated lime, Ca(OH)2, is a by-product. The hydrated lime slurry is allowed to settle in a pond or tank after which the supernatant lime-water can be decanted and reused in the generator. Federal, state, and local legislation restrict the methods of storage and disposal of carbide lime hydrate and it has become increasingly important to find consumers for the by-product. The thickened hydrated lime is marketed for industrial wastewater treatment, neutrali2ation of spent pickling acids, as a soil conditioner in road constmction, and in the production of sand-lime bricks. 

There is an important feedback factor which cannot be properly evaluated at this time. It concerns future municipal investment in a specific waste control system. This could result in legislation controlling the input of important potential waste materials to the municipality. For example large capital investment in a heat/energy recovery system based on incineration might induce legislative restrictions on low calorific materials like metals and glass. 

Legislative restrictions on pollutant emissions have motivated the combustion community to seek new low-emission combustion techniques that are practical industrial energy sources. However, to meet the needs in most industrial applications, a combustion source needs to be able to maintain low-emission output over a range of heat release rates, occupy minimal volume, and have low operating costs per unit energy produced. One would like to maximize the turn-down ratio, volumetric heat release, and overall thermal efficiency while minimizing NOa , CO, and hydrocarbon emission levels. The ultra-low NO, emission performance of the CSC has been previously documented by the authors and its... 

The documented use of betalain pigments as food colorants dates back at least one century, when inferior red wines were colored with betalain-containing juices (e.g., red beet juice). This common practice was, however, soon prohibited, and the application of betalain colorants was widely replaced by artificial dyes, which displayed better stability, at a lower price, and with higher purity. But in recent years the interest in natural food colorants has been renewed, mainly because of consumers concerns about the safety of some artificial colorants, which may be hazardous to human health (234). As a result, the number of permitted artificial dyes has been markedly reduced, and new efforts had to be made to develop natural food colorants (235). However, current legislation restricts the application of betalain colorants to concentrates or powders (E 162) obtained from aqueous extracts of beets (211). 

The methods used for disposing of military chemical agents, such as VX, GB, and H (mustard), have been changed from land and sea burial to chemical neutralization and incineration due to environmental constraints and legislative restrictions. 

The most important use of sodium tripolyphosphate is as a builder in detergents. However, legislative restrictions on the use of phosphorus compounds in household detergents have... 

The Australian legislation incorporates the restrictions on the number of Schedule 1 facilities contained in the Convention via the permit scheme. The legislation restricts the issuance of permits to ... 

The legislative restrictions (in 2006) are such that most pulp and paper mill wastewaters can be discharged after activated-sludge treatment. Furthermore, there are no restrictions in many countries on the intake of process water. In the future, there will most probably be limitations on the amount of intake water and the limitations for discharge loads will be tightened. The cost of freshwater will not decrease and this will force mills to increase their water reuse. 

Hawton K, Townsend E, Deeks J, Appleby L, Gunnell D, Bennewith O, Cooper J. Effects of legislation restricting pack sizes of paracetamol and salicylate on self poisoning in the United Kingdom before and after study. BMJ 2001 322(7296) 1203-7. 

Dargan P, Jones A. Effects of legislation restricting pack sizes of paracetamol on self poisoning. It s too early to tell yet. BMJ 2001 323(7313) 633. 

In relation to the previous section that introduced the basic classification of power burners, let us now focus on fuels combusted in these burners. Selection of a proper fuel is based on specific needs of a given technology, legislative restrictions, current as well as future availability of the fuel, and economic assessment of investment and operating costs. Selection also reflects apprehension about payments for greenhouse gases emissions, especially carbon dioxide [15]. 

Guthrie, F.E. Pending legislative restrictions on the use of agricultural chemicals on tobacco Beitr. Tabakforsch. 7 (1973) 195-202. 

Although these functions were recognized in the earlier literature, their relative importance has been affected by several recent developments. These include legislative restrictions on the amount or presence of phosphates in detergents and the use of alternate organic and inorganic builders as a consequence. 

The second class is the soap-less lubricants, with these being based on a growing list of surfactant types. The most common ones used today are the phosphate esters and cationic-based chain lubes recently, polyalkylphoglucosides have been added to this list. Phosphate-ester-based chain lubricants have had limited use due to legislative restrictions in certain regions. 

This solvent, because of its stability, has a negative influence on the stratospheric ozone layer, and in many countries legislation restricts its use. For this reason the polyurethane industry had to find other solutions, which lead to the use of other solvents such as e.g. 1,1-dichloro-l-fluoroethane or (cyclo)pentane (with boiling points of 32.1 and around 36°C respectively), which indeed fulfil the above requirements less optimally, but are more acceptable from an environmental point of view. 

The backdrop to much of the legislation passed in this period was the extension of the franchise by the Reform Act of 1832, the rationalisation of poverty relief and the workhouse system by the Poor Law Amendment Act in 1844, and continued opposition to legislation restricting free trade, notably the Corn laws, repealed in 1847 (Ward 1962 302). These trends all contextualise the Factory Acts that were passed in this period they slowly extended protective rights to a wider class of people, gradually systematised the infrastructure of an interventionist state, but... 

When fuels are burned, the N2 and O2 in the air are molecularly dissociated at the high flame temperatures and react to form NO , which is environmentally unacceptable, being a significant contributor in the generation of smog. Legislation restricts the permitted amount of NO t in the atmosphere. Lowering the flame temperature does reduce the amount of NO formed. 

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