Free trade

At the European level, the national organizations from both the EU (European Union, formerly the EEC) and the EETA (European Free Trade Association) are grouped in the CEN (European Committee for Standardization) and its counterpart for the electrical industries CENELEC. The standards published by these two organizations have authority in all EU countries as well as the EFTA countries who have voted their approval, which means that these standards have replaced their corresponding national standards. 

NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement. 

Jack Products, a U.S. Class 1 railroad and North America s leading independent intermodal terminal operator, respectively, have invested 60 million for start-up expenses to revive and modernize the 143-year old first transcontinental railroad of the Americas. Fnlly operational in 2000, the revitalized railroad provides an efficient intermodal link for world commerce and complements the existing transportation provided by the canal, the Colon Free Trade Zone, and the port terminals. 

It is basically a schedule of duties or cost rates imposed by a government on imported or in some countries exported goods. In certain areas of the world to offset tariff duties, worldwide free-trade agreements exist. 

Members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Malaysia included, have yet to formulate common rules for dmg regulation. Nonetheless, efforts have been made towards harmonization in terms of voluntary standards. Through the ASEAN Technical Cooperation Project in Pharmaceuticals, a number of reference substances and guidelines have been developed (17). Furthermore, agreements made for the ASEAN Free Trade Area have harmonized and reduced import tariffs on a number of goods, including pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products. 

Maximum residue limit Mass spectrometry Tandem mass spectrometry Material safety data sheet North American Free Trade Act N-Hydroxysuccinimide Nitrogen-phosphorus detection Neomycin phosphotransferase II Optical density Office of Plant Protection and Quarantine... 

Those who defend international free trade do so on the basis that it increases economic efficiency. The most commonly used arguments are ... 

Of course, these arguments are not universally accepted. Many experts consider, for example, that free trade without any sort of control is to the... 

Central American coffees, 7 250 Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), 23 467... 

NAFTA North American Free Trade Association... 

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Since ICH was initiated in 1990, there have been observers associated with the process to act as a link with non-ICH countries and regions. The observers to the ICH are the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Free Trade Area (EFTA), and the Therapeutic Products Directorate of Canada. 

Crompton Corp. v. Government of Canada. (2001). Notice of Intent to Submit a Claim of Arbitration under Section B of chapter Eleven of the North American Free Trade Agreement, (http //www.intemational.gc.ca/tna-nac/disp/crompton archive-en.asp) (Last accessed Febmary, 2007)... 

Founded in 1990, the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) is comprised of the pharmacopeial manufacturers associations in Europe (EFPIA), Japan (JPMA), the United States (PMA), and the drug regulatory agencies in Europe (EEC), Japan (MHW), and the United States (FDA), with the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA) serving as secretariat. Pharmacopeias are not members of the ICH, where membership is reserved for three PMAs and three regulatory agencies. Invited observers include Canada, WHO, and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). 

European Free Trade Association, presently comprising Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. European countries, that are not EU Member States, can cooperate with EU via EFTA. 

The main players at ICH are now the European Commission/EMEA, EEPIA, Japanese Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare (MHLW), Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (JPMA), US FDA and Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). The WHO, Canadian Health Protection Branch and the European Free Trade Area (BETA) countries enjoy an observer status at ICH meetings. 

As an outcome of the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA), an Independent Review Mechanism has been introduced for negative PBAC recommendations. 

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