Economics assessment

The batch cycle time has been reduced from 2.6 to 1.3 hours. This means that a greater number of batches can be processed, and hence, if there are two reactors each with the original capacity, the process capacity has increased. However, the increase in capacity has been achieved at the expense of increased capital cost for the second reactor. An economic assessment is required before we can judge whether the tradeoff is justified. 

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, Dec. 1991. 

J. G. Sikonia, B. R. Shah, and M. A. Ulowet2, "Technical and Economic Assessment of Petroleum, Heavy OH, Shale Oil and Coal Liquid Refining," paper presented at Sjnfuels 3rd Worldwide Symposium, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1—3,1983. 

The economics of the arc-coal process is sensitive to the electric power consumed to produce a kilogram of acetylene. Early plant economic assessments indicated that the arc power consumption (SER = kwh/kgC2H2) must be below 13.2. The coal feedcoal quench experiments yielded a 9.0 SER with data that indicated a further reduction to below 6.0 with certain process improvements. In the propane quench experiment, ethylene as well as acetylene is produced. The combined process SER was 6.2 with a C2H2/C2H4 production ratio of 3 to 2. Economic analysis was completed uti1i2ing the achieved acetylene yields, and an acetylene price approximately 35% lower than the price of ethylene was projected. 

M. Olszewski, S. J. HiUenbrand, and S. A. Reed, Waste Meat vs. Conventional Systemsfor Greenhouse Environment Control An Economic Assessment, ORNL/TM-5069, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., 1976. 

The problem is defined during process development as information becomes available and decisions are made. Initially, the definition is limited, vague, and brief and economic analysis involves a high level of uncertainty. As the project evolves, the definition becomes more complete, more highly specific, and lengthier. At the same time, the economic assessment tends to exhibit less uncertainty. 

Clearly, the value of Cinv affects both the annual cash income and the net annual profit. Since annual cash incomes are the basic data for (NPV) and (DCFRR) methods of estimating profitability, the actual value per unit of inventory is of direcl importance for chemical engineers engaged in economic assessments. 

As in all business situations, the economics of the development of a newly designed device or system is of paramount importance. In order to fully understand the economic feasibility of a new design, the engineer must make the following economic assessments ... 

However, some companies consider that they have sufficient experience of their requirements to use computer programs to provide economic assessments of candidate protective systems. The following summarizes typical steps to be taken. 

The costs of water, energy and land are all contributing factors in economic assessment. The emphasis placed on each differs from the varying viewpoints, but it is the end user that has to foot the bill . It is therefore in his interests... 

Most examples of economic assessments in the corrosion literature are comparisons of similar artefacts in different materials, or of different protective schemes on the same artefact. The assessments in which a corrosion specialist is directly involved are usually of this type. The items concerned are well defined so that reliable costs can be sought, e.g. by quotations. 

The general picture of the relative merits of homogeneous and heterogeneous processes has not yet emerged clearly. The homogeneous catalyst system may offer advantages in chemical efficiency but lead to difficulties of catalyst separation and recovery, or catalysts may tend to plate out in the reactor due to slight instability. Materials of construction may have to be different for the two rival plants. All these factors will have to be considered in an economic assessment and detailed studies made of the complete process networks in both cases. 

Our clients in R D groups for stimulating discussions on R D improvement and for requesting and trialing our recent approaches to the simulations of impact and economic assessment of new ways of working and new technology applications in drug discovery. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture "The Biologic and Economic Assessment of Maleic Hydrazide." U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1980, 1634, p. 106. 

Torrellas M., Anton A., Ruijs M., Victoria N. G., Stanghellini C., Montero J.I. (2012). Environmental and economic assessment of protected crops in four European scenarios. Journal of Cleaner Production, 28, 45-55. 

Harshbarger, D., Bautz, M., Davison, B. H., Scott, T. C., and Scott, C. D., Economic Assessment of Ethanol Production Comparing Traditional and Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 51/52 593 (1995)... 

Spath, P. L. Dayton, D. C., Preliminary Screening—Technical and Economic Assessment of Synthesis Gas to Fuels and Chemicals with Emphasis on the Potential for Biomass-Derived Syngas. NREL/TP-510-34929 NREL, Golden, CO, 2003. 

Castello, P., Tzimas, E., Moretto, P. and Peteves, S. D. (2005). Techno-Economic Assessment of Hydrogen Transmission Distribution Systems in Europe in the Medium and Long Term. Joint Research Centre (JRC), Report EUR 21586 EN. Petten, The Netherlands The Institute for Energy. 

Dr Joan Ogden is Professor of Environmental Science and Policy at the University of California, Davis, and Director of the Sustainable Transportation Energy Pathways Program at the campus s Institute of Transportation Studies. Her primary research interest is the technical and economic assessment of new energy technologies, especially in the areas of alternative fuels, fuel cells, renewable energy and low carbon energy systems. She received a B.S. in Mathematics from the University of Illinois, and a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Maryland. 

The production of H2 from some by-products of biomass conversion is also a possible option, which also requires the development of, new, more stable, more efficient catalysts that operate directly in the liquid phase. The catalytic production of hydrogen from more valuable products, such as bioethanol, should be reconsidered with appropriate economic assessments that take into account the alternative possible uses of these products. 

If the manufacturer, importer or user of a chemical of very high concern can demonstrate that no viable alternative is available, that there is need forthe chemical (with a transparent socio/economic assessment) and that all steps are taken to minimise exposure, and therefore risks, from continued use of the substance, then a time-limited authorisation may be granted. Atime-limited authorisation will both ease costs of a phaseout and encourage development of alternatives. 

The economic assessment of air pollution damage to exterior paints is... 

TABLE 13-9 Economic Assessment of Air Pollution Deterioration of Exterior Paints (1968 Figures—Manufacturers Costs) ... 

Mueller, W. J., and P. B. Stkknqr. Final Report on a Survey and Economic Assessment of the Effects of Air Pollution on Elastomers. National Air Pollution Control Association, Contract CPA-22-69-146. Columbus, Ohio Battelle Memorial Institute,... 

Spence, J. W., and F. H. Haynie. Paint Technology and Air Pollution A Survq and Economic Assessment. EPA-AP-103. Research Triangle Park, N.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. 49 pp. 

The first edition of Automatic Chemical Analysis was published in 1974 and was written in coUahoration with the late Jim Foreman. It was well received and became a set course book in many universities. Its aim was to provide a basic grounding in the subject and to cover the wider issues of economic assessments, educational requirements and specification of systems. TTiere are now other books on laboratory automation in print [1,2], but none of these will help potential users of automation to evaluate the economic viability of a project indeed, they may even put them off. The other hooks are scholarly rather than practical. 

Besides understanding the philosophy and concepts of automatic instrumentation, it is necessary to make a clear economic assessment of the advantages to he gained from the introduction of automation. There can he no substitute for practical experience in solving such problems. The field is wide, so a complete review is not practical. Some developments are described here to stimulate the reader into deeper research. It is important to evaluate the various developments that have become available through both large and small instrumentation companies. 

Diaper, C. Correia, V.M. Judd, S.J. The use of membranes for the recycling of water and chemicals from dyehouse effluents an economic assessment. J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 1996, 112, 273-281. 

What is required is a form of resource and technology assessment. This could be summarized in a matrix in which the potential of each resource and technology can be quantified and charted. This matrix is shown in figure 2 the items in each column are illustrative and the lists are by no means exhaustive. The identification of R D requirements then requires a techno-economic assessment of the possibility of different pathways through the matrix, and is the product of (Resource) (Transport) (Conversion Technology) (Transport) (End Use). 

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