Basic Classification

Basic Classification of Flammable and Combustible Liquids Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids... 

NFPA-325 Guide to Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids, (1994 ed.), NFPA-321 Basic Classification of Flammable and Combustible Liquids (1991 ed.), NFPA-497A, Classification of Class 1 Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas (1992 ed.), and NFPA-497B, Classification of Class II Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas (1991 ed.), National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

Table 7.1 Evidence for the initial basic classification of Dj and D2 dopamine receptors...

The basic classification of CWs is based on the type of flow regime and macrophytic growth. In general terms, two types can be described (Figure 10.3). The selection of the most appropriate option shall be according to various operational factors and to the plants available in the region of... 

Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and the interaction between them. In this chapter, we learn about the elements, which are the building blocks of all types of matter in the universe, the measurement of matter (and energy) as mass, the properties by which the types of matter can be identified, and a basic classification of matter. The symbols used to represent the elements are also presented, and an arrangement of the elements into classes having similar properties, called a periodic table, is introduced. The periodic table is invaluable to the chemist for many types of classification and understanding. 

Table 4.2 summarizes this basic classification and terminology of silicates. It is worth remembering that the term infinite refers here to an atomic scale of measurement, and does not imply that the chains extend to infinity in the mathematical sense of the word The terminology surrounding the silicates and clay minerals, in common with other mineralogical terms, has never been fully systematized, and so the names given are often ill-defined, or not unique to a... 

The basic classification of nucleophilic substitutions is founded on the consideration that when a new metal complex is formed through the breaking of a coordination bond with the first ligand (or water) and the formation of a new coordination bond with the second ligand, the rupture and formation of the two bonds can occur to a greater or lesser extent in a synchronons manner. When the mpture and the formation of the bonds occur in a synchronous way, the mechanism is called substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (in symbols Sn2). On the other extreme, when the rupture of the first bond precedes the formation of the new one, the mechanism is called substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (in symbols SnI). Mechanisms Sn2 and SnI are only limiting cases, and an entire range of intermediate situations exists. 

Basic classification and definitions of polymerization reactions (lUPAC Recommendations 1994), Pure Appl. Chem. 66, 2483-2486 (1994). Reprinted as Chapter 4, this edition. 

Basic Classifications and Definitions of Polymerization Reactions, Pure Appl. Chem. 66,... 

A basic classification is into those that circulate the liquid axially and those that achieve primarily radial circulation. Some of the many shapes that are being used will be described shortly. 

In addition to the basic classification as primary, secondary, or tertiary, alcohols may be further grouped according to other structural features. Aromatic alcohols contain an aryl group attached to the carbon having the hydroxyl function aliphatic alcohols contain only aliphatic groups. The prefix iso usually indicates branching of the carbon chain. 

There are three basic classifications (11 total calorific value types. (2) net calorific value types, and (3) inferential types. Net calorific value is less than the total calorific value by an amount equal to the latent heat of vaporization of the water formed during combustion. A net calorific value instrument uses a means that give results more nearly related to the net value. Thus, these types arc affected by gas composition and musl be calibrated for the gas to be tested. Inferential-type instruments depend upon such characteristics as flame appearance, maximum flame temperature, specific gravity, or gas analysis as indicative of the calorific value. 

Micro-organisms, the major form of organisms for biotechnology, can be split into several groups based upon biochemical activity and structure. The basic classification of the protist is shown in Fig. 5.3. There are two major types, the Prokaryotes and the Eukaryotes and Table 5.4 illustrates the main distinguishing features between the two cell types. The major differences are reviewed in the following sections. 

Microorganisms are microscopic plants and animals. In relation to their presence as cooling water contaminants, we generally mean the mixed populations of bacteria, fungi (which includes yeasts), phytoplankton (algae), and zooplankton commonly found. Basic classifications and descriptions of microorganisms are discussed in the following sections. 

Radioactive wastes that arise from operations of the nuclear fuel cycle are divided into five classes, called spent nuclear fuel, high-level waste, transuranic waste, low-level waste, and uranium or thorium mill tailings. At the present time, NARM wastes are not formally divided into different classes (see Section 4.1.2.4). The division of all radioactive waste into fuel-cycle and NARM waste and the division of fuel-cycle waste into five classes constitutes the basic classification system for radioactive waste in the United States. 

As indicated by the current subclassifications of existing waste classes summarized above, a variety of waste properties could be used to develop meaningful subclassifications of broadly defined waste classes. These properties include, for example, waste volumes, levels of decay heat and external radiation, and the long-term persistence of the hazard posed by waste constituents. Subclassifications of waste classes also could be based on the presence of particular hazardous substances. However, if the broadly defined waste classes are based on risk, as in the classification system proposed in this Report, the intrinsic toxicity of hazardous substances normally would not provide a basis for subclassification, because this property already is accounted for in determining the basic classification of any waste. Examples of possible approaches to subclassifying the basic waste classes are discussed in the following paragraphs. 

Measurement results must be reliable (credible), that is to say, they must accurately (both precisely and truly) reflect the real content (amount) of analytes in a sample that is representative of the material object under study. This leads to the conclusion that all developments in analytical chemistry are derived from the desire to obtain in-depth analytical data. Analytical chemistry uses a very broad spectrum of measurement methods and techniques Table 19.1 presents a basic classification. 

The Basic Classification of Modern Chemical Analytical Methods... 

Hansen and Rattray (1966) first introduced the idea of using stratification-circulation diagrams to describe a spectrum of circulation and geomorphometric types of estuaries that can be defined by stratification (figure 3.9). The basic classification parameters are as follows the stratification is defined by SS/Sq where <5,8 is the difference in the salinity... 

Figure 3.9 Stratification-circulation diagrams used to describe a spectrum of circulation and geomorphometric types of estuaries that can be defined by stratification. Estuarine types are as follows Type 1 estuaries are those without upstream flow requiring tidal transport for salt balance Type 2 estuaries are partially mixed (e.g., Marrows of the Mersey (NM) (UK), James River (J) (USA), Columbia River estuary (C) (USA) Type 3 estuaries are representative of fjords [e.g., Siver Bay (S), Strait of Juan de Fuca (JF) (USA)] and Type 4 estuaries indicative of salt wedge estuaries [e.g., Mississippi River (M) (USA)]. The basic classification parameters are as follows the stratification is defined by SS/Sq where SS is the difference in the salinity between surface and bottom water and So is the mean-depth salinity, both averaged over a tidal cycle and Us/Uf, where U is the surface velocity (averaged over a tidal cycle) and Uf is the vertically averaged net outflow. The subdivisions a and b represent values where SS/Sq <0.1 and SS/Sq >0.1, respectively subscripts h and 1 refer to high and low river flow. The curved line at the top represents the limit of surface freshwater outflow. (From Hansen and Rattray, 1966, as modified by Jay et al., 2000, with permission.)...

Our emphasis in this book is not so much on the subtleties that distinguish one historical name from another, or one result from another. The basic classification of methods described in Chapter 7, for example, is founded on the arrangements of the fundamental forces and flows that give rise to separation and ultimately determine their efficacy. It is the belief of this author that this approach is ultimately the most lasting one it will... 

Transport models fall into three basic classifications models based on solution/diffusion of solvents (nonporous transport models), models based on irreversible thermodynamics, and models based on porous membranes. Highlights of some of these models are discussed below. 

The solubilities of salts in water (clearly of importance in aquatic, analytical, and geochemistry) can be fairly well predicted and explained using two principles later we shall return to the more familiar of these, the hard soft acid base (HSAB) principle (see Hard Soft Acids and Bases). To control this principle, we must first consider oifly salts of anions that are hard bases, that is, salts of 0x0 and fluoro anions, and oxides, hydroxides, and fluorides. The solubilities of salts of these anions can be fairly well predicted and explained on the basis of the acidity classification of the cation and the basicity classification of the anion, that is, on a principle of acid base strength. The numerous solubility rules taught in General Chemistry could be replaced with four solubility principles (Table 4), two of which are quite reliable and two of which are less reliable, for known reasons. 

This section provides basic classification information for the transporting/shipment of a hazardous substance or mixture by road, rail, sea or air. Where information is not available or relevant this should be stated. 

In this edition, the world of minerals is divided by chemical features into ten classes, each of which is subdivided, on chemical-structural principles, into divisions, subdivisions, groups of isotypic and homeotypic minerals, or individual minerals with unique structure types groups with two or more mineral names comprise minerals with similar structure or composition. The classification system and alphanumeric coding scheme used in this 9 edition of the Strunz Mineralogical Tables were presented at the 1994 IMA meeting in Pisa. They permit the insertion of thousands of new minerals in the future without changing the basic classification framework. 

A wide variety of industrial filters are available for use with filter aids, each with its advantages and disadvantages. These all fall, however, into one of two basic classifications (a) those which operate under pressure and (b) those which operate under vacuum. 

Basic Classification and Coding Principles of Kinetic Graphs... 

This introduces the text and provides an outline of the key points behind medicines supply. It also covers the basic classification of medicines and the role of standard operating procedures. 

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