Russian laboratories, developments

Coordination Chemistry in the Solvent Extraction of Metals Developments from Russian Laboratories... 

In an attempt to develop the hydrogen bomb before the Russians, a second weapons laboratory , Lawrence Livermore, was established in July 1952 to handle the additional work that would be necessaiy to stay ahead of the Russian nuclear weapons program. The administrator chosen was the University of California. Eor the next forty-five years, this LLNL was a formidable competitor to Los Alamos in the development of nuclear weapons. But much like most of the other major national laboratories, its focus also shifted away from nuclear weapons to basic science to fields like magnetic and laser fusion energy, non-nuclear energy, biomedicine, and environmental science. By the late 1990s, half of the laboratoi y s budget was nonde-fense related as the shift away from nuclear weapons continued. 

He is a recognized expert in solid state and materials chemistry and environmental chemistry. He has active programs in solid state f-element chemistry and nanomaterials science. His current research interests include heavy metal detection and remediation in aqueous environments, ferroelectric nanomaterials, actinide and rare-earth metal sohd slate chemistry, and nuclear non-proliferation. He currently maintains a collaboration in nuclear materials with Los Alamos National Laboratory and a collaboration in peaceful materials science development with the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, U.S. State Department projects. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reviews, while presenting over 130 international and national invited lectures on his area of chemistry. Dr. Dorhout currently serves as Vice Provost for Graduate Studies and Assistant Vice President for research. He has also served as the Interim Executive Director for the Office of International Programs and as Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Education for the College of Natural Sciences at Colorado State University. 

Lawrencium - the atomic number is 103 and the chemical symbol is Lr. The original chemical symbol was proposed as Lw but it was changed because W is an unusual occurrence in many languages and it is a cumbersome spoken word. The name derives from the American physicist Ernest O. Lawrence , who developed the cyclotron. Credit for the first synthesis of this element in 1971 is given jointly to American chemists from the University of California laboratory in Berkeley, California under Albert Ghiorso and the Russian scientific team at the JINR (Joint Institute for Nuclear Reactions) lab in Dubna, Russia under Georgi N. Flerov, after a series of preliminary papers presented over a decade. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 3.6 hour Lr. 

Johnson, C. M., The Russian Federation s Ministry of Atomic Energy Programs and Developments, Richland, Wash. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL-13197, February 2000. 

Shortly after we had run this comparison study, our own aged freeze-drier collapsed into obsolescence. In order to make this method work, the freeze-drier must be specially constructed, without resin in the vacuum chamber and with traps placed in the vacuum line to prevent the back-diffusion of oil vapors from the pump to the vacuum chamber. While we have been awaiting the rejuvenation of our own instrument, rebuilt to these specifications, Michael McKinnon, of our laboratory, has developed a variation of the Russian evaporation method. In this method, as in the freeze-drying method, the great problem is avoiding contamination. Fortimately, when contamination does occur, it seems to affect an entire batch of samples. It is therefore possible to detect the contamination by the judicious use of standards. This method gives values for DOG of the same order as the lowest freeze-drying values or the Sharp (27) direct injection values. 

Although this book significantly differs from the earlier Colloid Chemistry textbook, it nevertheless focuses on the specifics of educational and research work carried out at the Colloid Chemistry Division at the Chemistry Department of MSU. Many results presented in this book represent the art developed in the laboratories of the Colloid Chemistry Division, in the Laboratory of Physical-Chemical Mechanics (headed by E.D. Shchukin since 1967) of the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Science, and in other research institutions and industrial laboratories under the guidance of the authors and with their direct participation. Special attention is devoted in the book to the broad capabilities that the use of surfactants offers for controlling the properties and behavior of disperse systems and various materials due to the specific physico-chemical interactions taking place at interfaces. At the same time the authors made every effort to avoid duplication of material traditionally covered in textbooks on physical chemistry, electrochemistry, polymer chemistry, etc. These include adsorption from the gas phase on solid surfaces (by microporous adsorbents), the structure of the dense part of the electrical double layer, electrocapillary phenomena, specific properties of polymer colloids, and some other areas. 

This suggests the development of organizational structures for collaboration between U.S. National Laboratories and Research Institutes and Industrial Sites of the Russian Federation (RF). The foundations of these structures should be laid during this Workshop. Further improvement of organizational structures and their functioning will be achieved by lead organizations (LLNL and KRI). 

The Russian hand was the first semipractical myoelectric hand to be used clinically. This hand also had the distinction of being the first to use transistors (germanium) to process the myoelectric control signal (Childress, 1985). In this country, following World War II, the Committee on Artificial Limbs contracted with IBM to develop several electrically powered limbs. These were impressive engineering feats in their day but never found use outside the laboratory (Klopsteg and Wilson, 1956). 

A decisive role in further developments was played by the radioelement UY, a thorium isotope discovered in 1911 by the Russian radiochemist G. Antonov who worked in Rutherford s laboratory. The radioelement UXi (also a thorium isotope) in the uranium family emits beta particles and gives rise to brevium (UXg). 

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