Cotton Indian

Hashem, M., Catal3Aic activation of per acetic acid using chitosan-metal complex for low temperature bleaching of cotton, Indian J. Fibre Text. Res, 28, Dec (2003), 444-449. 

It is said that Alexander the Great introduced Indian cotton into Egypt in the fourth century BC, and from there it spread to Greece, Italy, and Spain. During the year AD 700, China began growing cotton as a decorative plant, and AD 798 saw its introduction into Japan. Early explorers in Pern found cotton cloth on exhumed mummies that dated to 200 BC. Cotton was found in North America by Columbus in 1492. About 300 years later, the first cotton mill was built in Beverly, Massachusetts, and in 1794 EH Whitney was granted a patent for the invention of the cotton gin. 

Chattopadhyay, D.P. andVyas, D.D. (2010) Effect of silicone nano-emulsion softener on physical properties of cotton fabric. Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research, 35 (1), 68-71. 

Mn oats, rye, wheat, rice, maize, peas, soy beans potatoes, cotton, tobacco, sugarbeet, tea, sugar-cane, pineapples, pecan, peaches, spinach, citrus, a number of forest trees South Australia, Indian, Syria, Pakistan, North China Plain, North West China... 

Authentic Dhurrie rugs are hand woven in India. Today, they are usually made of wool, but they are descendants of cotton floor and bed coverings. In fact, the name Dhurrie comes from the Indian word dan, which means threads of cotton. The rugs are noted for their soft colors, their varieties of design, and they make a stunning focal point for any living room or dining room. 

Malik, S.K. and Yadav, P.R. Persistence of aldicarb in soil and its translocation into cotton seeds, Indian]. Agric. Sci., 49 745-748, 1979. 

Bambaocellulose Nitrates. B.Rassow A.Reck-eler,Nitrocellulose 3,41-45 61-64(1932) prepd a product contg ca 11.3%N by nitrating an Indian bamboo for 2hrs at 20° using 30 parts of mixed acid consisting of 19.8% nitric acid, 66.7% sulfuric acid 16.5% water. A Japanese bamboo gave under the same conditions a product with ca 10.8%N. The yield in both cases was comparable to that of cotton or woodpulp... 

Kaur, I., Sharma, V., and Sharma, R., Development of flame retardant cotton fabric through grafting and post-grafting reactions, Indian J. Fibre Textile Res., 2007, 32, 312-318. 

Anon., Cotton management in China, Indian Cotton Mill Federation, June 1989, pp. 79-81. 

Of all the communities adversely affected by hazardous cotton pesticides, a substantial proportion are located in India home to more cotton farmers than any other country in the world. Indian cotton production is heavily associated with the intensive use of hazardous pesticides, and is responsible for over half of aU agricultural pesticides applied nationally. Within this figure Indian cotton is associated with some of the most hazardous pesticides used anywhere on earth . Characterized hy a near total lack of safety measures, low quality equipment, and with protective clothing often unavailahle or prohibitively expensive, Indian cotton production represents a highly unsafe environment within which to work f Observational studies reveal a heavy toll exerted on the health of those who work with cotton pesticides and chemical analysis has revealed traces of pesticide residues in blood samples taken from Indian cotton labourers. Cotton undoubtedly represents one of India s most important economic, nutritive and cultural commodities, but its conventional cultivation has become deeply problematic, both for those who grow it and because of the external costs of its impact on health and the en-vironmenP ... 

In an attempt to limit the damage caused by pest infestations, Indian cotton farmers now apply an estimated US 344 million of pesticides annually This represents 55% of the country s entire expenditure on agricultural pesticides a truly disproportionate figure given that cotton accounts for just 5% of India s total cropland . And within this figure a staggering US 235 million is spent trying to control boUworm alone . 

Communities in India may also be exposed to hazardous cotton pesticides through the contamination of cottonseed and cottonseed derivatives - an important source of edible oil. Because of the intensive use of hazardous pesticides in cotton production much of the cottonseed oil entering the Indian food chain may be heavily contaminated . One analysis of cottonseeds collected from 5 locations in Punjab found detectable residues of the cotton pesticides ethion (WHO II), cypermethrin (WHO II), endosulfan (WHO II), chlorpyrifos (WHO II) the latter being 2 of the most common pesticides applied to cotton in India ... 

In 1989, monocrotophos was voluntarily withdrawn from the US market but remains on sale in many developing world countries 30,000 tonnes are used annually mainly in Asia (58%) and South America (26%) . The chemical is particularly dominant in India where 3,500 tonnes are applied to crops annually - making it the most heavily used pesticide in the country. Monocrotophos represents 22% of the Indian market in cotton pesticides a share worth US 76 million annually . 

Herring R. Is there a case for growing cotton in India , prepared for the workshop Indian Cotton Biology and Utility, Meanings and Histories, Cornell University April 29-30, (2005)... 

Pesticide Action Network UK (2000), Indian cotton farming - study identifies training needs, Pestidde News No 45, http / /www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/Issue/pn45/pn45pi2.htm... 

Figure 12 shows, for shade comparison, a purple dyeing on cotton that was produced from the secretion of the hypobronchial gland of the purple snail Purpura patula pansa Gould in 1971 by Indians in the area of Oaxaca, Mexico. The shades of purple dyeings may vary from violet-red to red-violet, but they cannot match the shade of the coronation robe. 

Figure 12. Tyrian purple dyed on cotton by Indians near Oaxaca, Mexico.

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