Manufacturing technologies

Forming fabrics are manufactured on weaving looms with a width of up to 15 m, where CD yarns (wefts) and MD yarns (warps) are interlaced with each other. The weft insertion is typically made by using shuttles, projectiles or band rapier systems. 

The weft insertion speed on the looms is up to 1200 mmin. The working principle of a loom is shown in Fig. 6.19. 

After the fabrics are woven they are heatset. Here their final properties are determined by applying heat to the fabric while simultaneously stretching it in the MD 

In the final finishing, moderate temperature is applied to the fabric in order to stretch out creases. After any protruding yarn ends in the seam area are cut off, the fabric will usually be sealed at the edges (and sometimes ground to enhance smoothness) before it is packed for dispatch as defined by the customers (usually wound on poles in wooden boxes). 

During development, other criteria such as bending stiffness, sheer, warp burial, abrasion resistance, etc. are tested. 

---

Gut Rubber and Extruded Latex. The manufacturing technology for cut and extmded mbber thread is much older and more widely known than that for spandex fibers. Because production faciUties can be installed with relatively modest capital investment, manufacture of mbber thread is fragmented and more widely distributed with a few major and many minor producers. On a worldwide basis, Fikattice of Italy is the largest mbber thread producer with modem extmded latex plants in Italy, Spain, Malaysia, and the United States. Second in production capacity is the Globe Manufacturing Co., Fall River, Massachusettes with production operations in the United States and the UK. These firms also produce spandex fibers. 

A manufacturing technology to produce very small encapsulated phase-change materials has been developed (47). These encapsulated phase-change materials were appHed in a convective heat-transfer test section, and a 50—100% higher heat-transfer coefficient was reported. 

PBI is being marketed as a replacement for asbestos and as a high temperature filtration fabric with exceUent textile apparel properties. The synthesis of whoUy aromatic polybenzimidazoles with improved thermal stabUities was reported in 1961 (12). The Non-MetaUic Materials and Manufacturing Technology Division of the U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, awarded a contract to the Narmco Research and Development Division of the Whittaker Corp. for development of these materials into high temperature adhesives and laminates. 

J. Onuki, M. Koizumi, and I. Araki, IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 10, CHMT-10, Dec. 1987, pp. 550-555. 

Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and Pharmacokinetics. Bioavailabihty can be defined as the amount and rate of absorption of a dmg into the body from an adrninistered dmg product. It is affected by the excipient ingredients in the product, the manufacturing technologies employed, and physical and chemical properties of the dmg itself, eg, particle size and polymorphic form. Two dmg products of the same type, eg, compressed tablets, that contain the same amount of the same dmg are pharmaceutical equivalents, but may have different degrees of bioavailabihty. These are chemical equivalents but are not necessarily bioequivalents. For two pharmaceutically equivalent dmg products to be bioequivalent, they must achieve the same plasma concentration in the same amount of time, ie, have equivalent bioavadabihties. 

A. K. Bhowmick, M. M. Hall, and H. A. Benarey, Rubber Products Manufacturing Technology, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1994. 

Some transfer valves block flow better than others, making it nccos sary to evaluate the design chosen. Valve design and manufacturing technology has improved to the extent that leakage should not be the problem it onev was. 

DUNNOLS, I., Basic Urethane Foam Manufacturing Technology, Technomics, Westport, Conn. (1979)... 

Ilutcheon, J. M., Manufacture technology of baked and graphitized carbon bodies. In Modern Aspects cf Graphite Technology, ed. L. C. F. Blackman. Academic Press, New York, 1970, pp. 49 78. 

Improvements in polyolefin manufacturing technology have resulted in lower operating pressures (Althaus and Mahalingam, 1992 Dale, 1987). 

The development and optimization of porous supports for chromatographic applications have depended on advances in polymer chemistry together with advances in particle manufacturing technology. Separations that required hours or days to achieve with early SEC supports are now typically performed in less than an hour. The following description of various types of media is presented in the approximate chronological order in which the various media were developed. 

The choice of manufacturing technology for the fabrication of fiber-reinforced plastics or composite materials is intimately related to the performance, economics, and application of the materials. It also depends upon a number of factors, such as component numbers required, item complexity, number of molded surfaces, and type of reinforcement. 

In the United States, England, and other major nations, patents were awarded at the rate of about 5,000 per year per nation. In one peak year, bicycle-related patents comprised close to one-third of all patent-witing activity. Many of these patents were decades ahead of the technology to manufacture them for example, suspension systems invented a century ago became viable only with modern-day elastic materials and manufacturing technology. 

The IM process is a manufacturing technology that has been modified, extended, and refined for over a century. Many different methods and techniques have been introduced to improve the process and make it more economical in the manufacturing environment. Although these advances have been significant, a technical analysis reveals that relatively few conceptual difference exist between the early process patents and today s methodology (223, 224). 

A Military Specification (MIL-F-45961), the first of its kind,for prealloyed steel powder forgings was then drafted and has been accepted as a standard by Department of Defense and commercial organizations. The significance of this work is that the improved PM manufacturing technology is applicable to all weapon systems which require complex-shaped steel forgings... 

Obversely, this dramatic progress has led to a considerable increase in the complexity of the manufacturing technology and the need for continuous efforts to develop new materials and processes in order to keep up with the ever-increasing demands of circuit designers. 

---