Manufacturing Volume

Continuous processes have been developed for the alcohols, operating under pressure with Hquid ammonia as solvent. Potassium hydroxide (206) or anion exchange resins (207) are suitable catalysts. However, the relatively small manufacturing volumes militate against continuous production. For a while a continuous catalytic plant operated in Raveima, Italy, designed to produce about 40,000 t/yr of methylbutynol for conversion to isoprene (208,209). 

As with ah thin-film PV technologies, the projected manufacturing costs of a-Si H ahoy PV modules fah rapidly with annual manufacturing volume, ie, MWp /yr. The primary driver of this volume cost reduction is the volume—cost relationship of commercially available thin-film processing equipment. Thin-film coating machines often have capacities equivalent to 3—5 yr, so that manufacturing economies of scale are more fully realized at the... 

Ronald A. Powell and Stephen Rossnagel, PVD for Microelectronics Sputter Deposition Applied to Semiconductor Manufacturing, Volume 26, 1998. 

Kocurek, M.J. Ingruber, O.V. Wong, A. (Eds.) Pulp and Paper Manufacture, Volume 4, Sulfite Science and Technology, Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry Tappi, Atlanta, GA, 1985. 

To maintain good physical and chemical stability, emulsion formulations may warrant storage at 5C. This limits the manufacturing volume as well as product storage in distribution centers. 

The fuel cells are still too expensive for most applications (several thousand US Dollars per kW). This is due to the amount and kind of materials, manufacturing processes and manufacturing volumes. The most critical components are the catalyst and the membrane materials. Pt loading in today s fuel cells is typically around 0.3 mg/cm2 of electrode active area, which corresponds to 0.6 mg/peak Watt (or 0.6 g/kW). The cost of the membrane material is expected to decrease by half for every two orders of magnitude increase in manufacturing volume. 

Nominal vessel diameter Height of vessel Sump height/height to air inlet Flooded packing weight Material Liquid flow rate Air flow rate Air velocity Pressure drop Vessel Packing Manufacturer Volume (Required)... 

The lack of alternative fuel refueling infrastructure created a "chicken and egg" problem for automotive manufacturers. Volume production of AFVs could not begin unless infrastructure was available, but the infrastructure... 

Thin film technology on steel is well suited for high precision sensors in automotive applications. Well established applications include high pressure sensors in the range of 140 to 200 MPa. For these applications, a manufacturing volume of several million sensors per year has been reached. 

A completely new product requires new manufacturing equipment and production lines, which are not fully utilized during initial ramp up to the final manufacturing volume. A reasonable return on investment (ROI) can be achieved only when initial parts can be manufactured with existing manufacturing infrastructures. This requires reuse of concepts, in other words, standardization. Once the production line is established, expansion of production capacity is sttaightforward and can be done incrementally. 

Product maturity, and hence high product quality within the initial manufacturing volumes, can be achieved only when established elements are used where ever possible. New elements and new processes, as required by new product features, inevitably add a lot of innovation. Therefore an unnecessarily all new7 approach has to be avoided, and changes have to be limited as much as possible. 

No. BLEND (IVade name, composition and manufacturer) Volume resistivity (ohm-m) ASTM D257-99 Surface resistivity (ohm) ASTM D257-99 Dielectric strength oil, 0.125 V/mil (3.2 mm kV/mm) ASTM D149-97 Dielectric constant (100 Hz), ASTM D150-98 Dissipation factor (100 Hz), ASTM D150-98... 

SRIM is a very labor-intensive process, and the consistency from preform to perform is usually poor. However, for very low manufacturing volumes this process can be cost-effective. 

In that preamble, the ERA said that it will only reveal whether the intended manufacturing volume that the submitter of a bona fide letter says it intends to make is more or less than the confidential volume that qualifies the manufacture as a significant new use. If the submitter s volume is less, the ERA will not reveal the trigger volume. In that case the submitter must submit another bona fide letter if it later intends to increase its manufacturing volume. The practical implication is that a submitter should give the ERA the maximum potential volume it may make in the initial bona fide letter, or it will risk having to make a series of bona fide requests. 

Finally, demonstration projects can help to reduce the cost of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies by driving increased demand for products, increasing manufacturing volumes, and thereby reducing costs. 

Another objective of the program is to increase manufacturing volumes to decrease costs. Japan s target cost for residential fuel ceU systems is 0.5-0.7 million yen ( 4100-5900) - current costs of the system are around 2-2.5 million yen ( 16 700-21 000) [58-60]. Despite the fact that current prices offer customers a payback period of over 10 years, even including the subsidy, the units are selling fairly well - as of January 2011, over 5200 units had been installed. The project partners credit this success to the environmentally beneficial attributes of the systems [60]. In the future, manufacturers plan to expand their market by reducing... 

Time of manufacturing Volume of material Volume of support material... 

There may be several different processes for each via hole construction in the case of flexible circuits. Suitable processes, including material combination, should be designed according to final requirements (for example, construction, circuit density, reliability, manufacturing volume,... 

Table 15.6 summarizes the manufacturer s specifications for some typical pacemaker batteries. Batteries for medical use are relatively expensive because of the low manufacturing volume and demands for high reliability. 

Manufacturers are making panels. The lowest cost is about 1.50 per watt. The average was 2.73 last year. They are projected to come down as manufacturing volume goes up. However, thin-film technologies, which have the opportunity to lower the costs to 6 cents/kWh almost as soon as they go into full production, could certainly use a lot of research dollars. We don t understand not only how to make the technology work, but even why it works the way it does. 

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