Ipecac ipecacuanha

Ipecac, ipecacuanha The dried rhizome and roots of Ceohaells ipecacuanha. 

OCN Brazilian ipecac ipecacuanha Rio ipecac Part rhizome... 

Ipecac is prepared from the dried roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) A. Rich, and contains the alkaloids emetine [483-18-1] (17) and cephaeJine [483-17-0] (18) in a ratio between 2 1 and 4 1. It has been used extensively in cough preparations and is beheved to act by gastric reflex stimulation. Toxic effects include vomiting, irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, and cardiac arrhythmias (19). Ipecac symp is available over-the-counter in the United States only in 30-mL containers for use as an emetic in treating poisonings. 

Brechungs-ebene, /. (Optica) plane of refraction. -exponent, m. refractive index, -ge-setz, n. law of refraction. -Index, m. refractive index, -k effizient, m. coefficient of refraction. -kraft, /. refractive power, -messer, m. refractometer. -verhaltnis, n. refractive index, -vermfigen, n. refractive power, -winkel, m, angle of refraction, Brech-walzwerk, n. crushing rolls (or rollers), crushing mill. >weln, m. (Pharm.) wine of antimony, antimonial wine, -weiustein, m. tartar emetic, -werk, n. crusher, -wurzel, -wurz,/. ipecacuanha, ipecac. 

Ipecac Alkaloid Induces vomiting Psychotria ipecacuanha... 

Ipecac syrup is prepared from the dried rhizome and roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha or Cephaelis acuminata, plants from Brazil and Central America that have the alkaloid emetine as their active principal ingredient. It acts directly on the CTZ and also indirectly by irritating the gastric mucosa. Ipecac is cardiotoxic if absorbed and can cause cardiac conduction disturbances, atrial fibrillation, or fatal myocarditis. If emesis does not occur, gastric lavage using a nasogastric tube must be performed. 

Ipecac contains 2-2.5% of alkaloids, the principal ones being emetine and cephaeline (Figure 6.67). Typically, in C. ipecacuanha the emetine to cephaeline ratio might be about 2 1, whereas in C. acuminata the ratio ranges from about 1 2 to 1 1. Minor alkaloids characterized include psychotrine and O-methylpsychotrine (Figure 6.68), which are dehydro variants of cephaeline and emetine respectively. 

Avarol and avarone derivatives (from the Red Sea sponge Dysidea cinerea), the alkaloids psy-chotrine and O-methylpsychotrine (from ipecac, the dried rhizome and root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha), and phloroglucinol derivatives such as mallotojaponin, from the pericarps of Mallotus japonicus, have all been reported to inhibit the reverse transcriptase activity of HIV-1, noncom-petitively with respect to the natural substrate (dNTP). In neither case was the anti-HIV-1 activity determined in cell culture, so it is not clear whether any of these compounds is really an effective... 

Ipecac is the root of Cephaetis ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, a perennial shrub growing in Brazil and other South American states (Figure 44.1). It contains three alkaloids — emetin, cephaelin, and psychotrin. The dose of the powdered drug as an expectorant is from 1/2 to 2 grain (0.03 to 0.13 g) as an emetic, 15 to 30 grain (1.0 to 2.0 g) (Table 44.1). 

Ipecac ( Brazil root ) was long employed by the native people of Brazil in the treatment of diarrhea. It was sold as a secret remedy to the French government in 1658, and its use in dysentery rapidly spread throughout Europe and India. Its employment was entirely empirical until 1912 when Vedder demonstrated the in vitro efficacy of emetine against E. histolytica and suggested that ipecac be used in amebic infections. The source of ipecac is the dried root or rhizome of C. ipecacuanha or C. acuminata, plants native to Brazil and Central America, but also cultivated in India, the Straits Settlements, and the Federated Malay States (see Grollman, 1962). 

FIGURE 44.1 Ipecac plant— Cephaelis (Uragoga) ipecacuanha (a) flowering shoot, (b) flower in longitudinal section, (c) fruit, (d) fruit in transverse section, (e) seed, (f) annulate root. 

Note The most commonly used emetics are ipecac and apomorphine. Induced emesis is the preferred means of emptying the stomach in awake patients who have ingested a toxic substance or have recently taken a drug overdose. Emesis should not be induced if there is central nervous system depression or ingestion of certain volatile hydrocarbons and caustic substances. Ipecac syrup is prepared from the dried rhizome and roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha or of C. accuminata, plants from Brazil and Central America, in which the alkaloid emetine is its active principal ingredient. 

Ipecac, which is a mixture of the alcohol-soluble alkaloids from the underground parts of the South American plant, C. ipecacuanha, is used almost solely as the U.S.P. ipecac syrup. 

The close biogenetic relationship of the ipecac and monoterpenoid indole alkaloids has already been reviewed in several places (3,5,117,287). In the case of the ipecac alkaloids, tracer experiments (288) have shown that labeled geraniol (146) and loganin (148) are incorporated by Cephaelis ipecacuanha into radioactive cephaeline (149) and ipecoside (150). Thus, the C9-C,0 units of the ipecac alkaloid and ipecoside, represented by thickened lines in formulas 149 and 150, are of monoterpenoid origin from geraniol (145), and loganin (147) acts as a precursor for both alkaloids. The incorporation of glycine into the C9 unit of cephaeline (2) in Cephaelis plants has also been reported (289). 

Scheme 2. Biosynthesis of ipecac, Alangium, and indole alkaloids nitrogenous portion. Pathway (a) in Cephaelis ipecacuanha pathway (b) in Alangium lamarckii.

R Polygalae Senegae Pulv. [powdered Seneca snakeroot], 3ij. Ipecacuanhae Pulv. [powdered Ipecac], 3j. 

The monoterpene isoquinoline alkaloids are constituents of the genus Cephaelis and selected other Rubiaceae species. C. ipecacuanha (ipecac) is a powerful emetic whose active principle is emetine, derived through the condensation of dopamine and secologa-nin (Fig. 33). Emetine is also a powerful amebicide, antiviral, and inhibitor of protein synthesis. It is now largely replaced by synthetic dehydroemetine. 

Asperula odorata (sweet woodruff) Cephaelis ipecacuanha (ipecac) Hintonia latiflora (copalchi bark) Morinda citrifolia (non )... 

Cephaelis ipecacuanha (ipecac) Chelidonium majus (celandine) Chenopodium ambrosioides (American wormseed) Chrysanthemum vulgaris (common tansy)... 

Ipecac Cephaelis ipecacuanha Sweet vernal grass Anthoxanthum odoratum... 

Various kinds of ipecac contain different proportion of the principal alkaloids. The Rio variant (C. ipecacuanha) contains 2-4% dry weight alkaloids of which 60-75% is emetine. The varieties derived from C. acuminata yield 2-3.5% dry weight alkaloids, which may contain 30-50% emetine [4]. Thus C. ipecacuanha is regarded as the best source of ipecac. 

Callus and adventitious roots of ipecac (Cephaelis ipecacuanha ) were induced on the leaf segments from axenic shoot culture and their capabilities for alkaloid production were investigated [15, 52]. 

A one-year-old Cephaelis ipecacuanha plant propagated through shoot-tip culture (section 1.1) in a greenhouse accumulated ca. 2 mg emetine and ca. 2 mg cephaeline, respectively, in its roots ca. 0.2 g total dry weight). On the other hand, the root culture of ipecac cultured for 7 weeks in 50 ml MS medium containing 0.01 mg/1 5,6-Cl2-IAA yielded almost the same amounts of alkaloids, 0.6 mg emetine and 2.4 mg cephaeline. Thus the root culture of ipecac is a realistic economic source of the isoquinoline alkaloids. 

Transformation of ipecac Cephaelis ipecacuanha A. Richard) by Agrobacterium rhizogenes... 

Transformed cultures of C. ipecacuanha, one of the recalcitrant woody plant species for Agrobacterium-mQdaaiQd transformation, have been established by a co-culture method. This work is the first report on transformation of ipecac as far as we know and this proved a capability of genetic transformation of ipecac by use of Agrobacterium-mQdiaiQd transformation. Growth of the transformed roots with only Tl-DNA was inferior to the previously reported hairy roots. However, optimization of culture conditions, basal medium and auxin addition could improve fresh mass and ipecac alkaloid productivity. The transformed root cultures presented herein may be a promising tool for an alternative source of ipecac alkaloids and for biosynthetic and transport studies of ipecac alkaloids. 

Syrup of ipecac is available as a nonprescription product in many countries. It is derived from the dried rhizome and roots of the Cephaelis ipecacuanha or Cephaelis acuminata plant. These plants contain the potent emetic alkaloids emetine and cephaeline, which induce vomiting by both direct local gastrointestinal effects and central nervous system actions. Emesis following syrup of ipecac ingestion typically occurs within 20 min of ingestion and persists for 30-120 min. 

Derivation By extraction from root of Cephalis ipecacuanha (ipecac) or synthetically. 

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