Brazil root

Ipecac ( Brazil root ) was long employed by the native people of Brazil in the treatment of diarrhea. It was sold as a secret remedy to the French government in 1658, and its use in dysentery rapidly spread throughout Europe and India. Its employment was entirely empirical until 1912 when Vedder demonstrated the in vitro efficacy of emetine against E. histolytica and suggested that ipecac be used in amebic infections. The source of ipecac is the dried root or rhizome of C. ipecacuanha or C. acuminata, plants native to Brazil and Central America, but also cultivated in India, the Straits Settlements, and the Federated Malay States (see Grollman, 1962). 

The machinery of tapioca processing is highly varied. in there are well-equipped factories that utilize local, custom-built d lai anc and Brazil roots, product streams, by-products and effluent. In addition sonigVlCes for Process nS successfully utilized equipment that is more common to potato and manufacturers have basic process of screening and density separation remains commonprocessing. The... 

Brazil root" (Cephaelis ipecacuanha), now known as Ipecac, was used by the natives of Brazil several hundred years ago as a cure for diarrhea. It was sold as a secret remedy to the French in 1658. It was not until 1912 that Vedder demonstrated that its effectiveness was due mainly to one of its components, emetine, that killed Eschericia histolytica, which we now know as one of the major causes of amoebic dysentery. 

Common/vernacular names Rio ipecac, Brazilian ipecac, Brazil root (C. ipecacuanha), ... 

Many alkaloids have pronounced biological properties, and a substantial number of the pharmaceutical agents used today are derived from naturally occurring amines. As a few examples, morphine, an analgesic agent, is obtained from the opium poppy Papaver somnifemm. Cocaine, both an anesthetic and a central nervous system stimulant, is obtained front the coca bush Erythroxylon coca, endemic to upland rain forest areas of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and western Brazil. Reserpine, a tranquilizer and antihypertensive, comes from powdered roots of the semitropical plant Rauwolfia serpentina. Ephedrine, a bronchodilator and decongestant, is obtained front the Chinese plant Ephedra sinica. 

Sp245 Wild type strain, isolated from surface sterilized weat roots (Brazil) Baldani et a/., 1986... 

Guimaraes, J.R.D., Meili, M., Hylander, L.D., Castro e Silva, E., Roulet, M., Mauro, J.B.N., and Lemos, R.M.A., Mercury net methylation in five tropical flood plain regions of Brazil High in the root zone of floating macrophyte mats but low in surface sediments and flooded soils, Science of the Total Environment, 261 (1-3), 99-107, 2000. 

Ipecac syrup is prepared from the dried rhizome and roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha or Cephaelis acuminata, plants from Brazil and Central America that have the alkaloid emetine as their active principal ingredient. It acts directly on the CTZ and also indirectly by irritating the gastric mucosa. Ipecac is cardiotoxic if absorbed and can cause cardiac conduction disturbances, atrial fibrillation, or fatal myocarditis. If emesis does not occur, gastric lavage using a nasogastric tube must be performed. 

Brazil. Water extract of the dried root is taken orally as a nerve tonic and stimu-lant° h... 

Brazilian sassafras oil is obtained by steam distillation of the roots, trunks, and branches of Ocotea pretiosa (Nees) Mez. (Lauraceae) a tree growing wild in South America (Brazil). The oil was formerly called Ocotea cymbarum oil due to incorrect botanical naming. It is a yellow to brownish liquid with the characteristic odor of safrole. 

The former are mostly derived from plants [vegetabty colours) and may be contained in woods (e.g., campeachy, Brazil wood, sandalwood, yellow wood, fustic), barks (quercitron), roots [madder, turmeric), leaves (indigo, woad), flowers [safflower), fruit (Persian berries) and lichens [archil). Far fewer are animal colours [cochineal, kermes). 

Ipecac is the root of Cephaetis ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, a perennial shrub growing in Brazil and other South American states (Figure 44.1). It contains three alkaloids — emetin, cephaelin, and psychotrin. The dose of the powdered drug as an expectorant is from 1/2 to 2 grain (0.03 to 0.13 g) as an emetic, 15 to 30 grain (1.0 to 2.0 g) (Table 44.1). 

Note The most commonly used emetics are ipecac and apomorphine. Induced emesis is the preferred means of emptying the stomach in awake patients who have ingested a toxic substance or have recently taken a drug overdose. Emesis should not be induced if there is central nervous system depression or ingestion of certain volatile hydrocarbons and caustic substances. Ipecac syrup is prepared from the dried rhizome and roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha or of C. accuminata, plants from Brazil and Central America, in which the alkaloid emetine is its active principal ingredient. 

Starch recovery, as presently practiced, depends on a continuous supply of fresh root. Hence, factories are located close to the root producing areas. In Brazil, the processing season can be as short as six months. In Thailand, continuous processing is possible, although some starch producers are known not to operate during part of the rainy season when the starch content of cassava root is low and operating economics are less favorable. 

In 1946, Goncalves deLima, a Brazilian ethnobotanist and chemist, extracted an alkaloid from roots of Mimosa hostilis, another member of the pea family, which has been used by natives of eastern Brazil to prepare a potent psychoactive drink. He named this "nigerine later it was found to be identical to DMT, first synthesized in 1931 by the British chemist Richard Manske. 

D.V. Siva Sankar s enormous green book LSD—A Total Study lists eleven legumes that contain bufotenine and DMT. Of these, the second most widely used is Mimosa hostilis. Decoctions made from its root play a part in the ceremonies of the ancient Yurema cult of Brazil The decoction is known as the "wine of Jurema. William Emboden describes this "miraculous drink as... 

Highly negative values of k in addition imply the possibility to retain or even enrich elements which will form but rather labile complexes given the effective electrochemical ligand parameter of the plant species and (Eq. 2.11). These include Sr, Ba or Mn and the REEs (except of Sm, Tb) if E (L) j is close to zero in the latter case, all of which are known to be hyperaccumulated in some plants, e.g. Ba and Mn in Brazil nuts (Emsley 2001) and - among our test set of plant species - Mn gets substantially enriched in blueberries (both leaves (to which data reported here (Markert 1996) pertain) and fruits), k thus is a kind of measure for amplification of differences in the sequence of transport within some plant, from sequestration in/ by root exudates to deposition in the tips of leaves. 

Salcedo et al. (1991), working in an Atlantic coastal forest in Recife, Brazil, showed that phosphoms from the litter/fermentation layer is cycled back to the vegetation via mycor-rhizae-mediated mechanisms. However, 6l% of the added moved down to the mineral soil, where P in the soil solution is controlled by microbial biomass activity. In contrast. Stark and Jordan (1978), working on a P deficient upland terra firme forest in San Carlos de Rio Negro, Venezuela (Cuevas and Medina 1988), found that nearly 100% of the added 32p was retained in the root mat associated with the litter layer, with less than 0.1% moving down to the surface of the mineral soil. 

Hinge, H. 1973. Root mass estimation in lowland tropical rain forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. I. Fine root mass-... 

A comparison of these data with those of an Amazonian forest shows that the aerial biomass of the trees of a cerrado sensu stricto in central Brazil may be only 8 to 22% of that of an Amazonian forest, and the basal area only 10 to 26% (Table 5.3). This difference in biomass reflects directly on the nutrient pools in the biomass. A comparison of the data reported by Klinge et al. (1995) for the aboveground biomass and nutrient stock in two inundation forests in the Ilha de Marchantaria with the data for a cerrado sensu stricto from central Brazil (Silva 1990) illustrates how nutritionally poor the cerrado is in quantitative terms. The proportions of stock of essential nutrients in the tree biomass of cerrado are 7 to 16% for P, 1.7 to 4.6% for K, 0.83 to 3.09% for Ca, and 3.5 to 7.4% for Mg. Thus Ca, K, and Mg seem to be much more deficient in the cerrados than P. We have no corresponding data for the stock of nutrients in the root biomass of trees for comparison among the two ecosystems. This comparison is only illustrative of two specific sites. Estimates of aboveground biomass for the Amazonian forests may vary... 

Abdala, G. C., L. S. Caldas, M. Haridasan, and G. Eiten 1998. Below-giound oiganic matter and root-shoot ratio in a cerrado in central Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Ecology (1998) 2 11-23... 

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