International standard industrial classification

A competing concept of documenting medically (dermatologically) relevant descriptors, i.e., exposures and their duration and intensity, would be to classify not the individual occupation of the patient, but the type of industry in which he or she works. Examples of such classifications and some of their applications, e.g., employers liability insurance or governmental labor statistics, are listed below. A classification system provided by the United Nations (UN) for this purpose is the international standard industrial classification (ISIC) (United Nations 1990), as shown below. 

Table 1. International standard classification of occupations ISCO-88 occupational code numbers (different skill levels) and international standard industrial classification ISIC Rev. 3 industrial code numbers, as appropriate, for selected occupations and industries. Code numbers selected on a hierarchical level as low as possible. Exclusions in job title may not be applicable to units determined by numbers. In case of multiple code numbers, the original classifications should be consulted as to which number (entry) is most appropriate for the actual classification problem ...

International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities... 

United Nations (1990) United Nations international standard industrial classification of all economic activities (ISIC -Rev. 3). Statistical Papers, Series M, No. 4/Rev. 3. United Nations, New York... 

Individuals are uniquely identified by a personal code derived from the citizen service number (BSN). Sectors of industry are identified using the Dutch Standaard Bedrijfsindehng (SBI2008) which is based on the activity classification of the European Union (Nomenclature statistique des activites economiques dans la Communaute Europeenne, NACE) and on the classification of the United Nations (International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, ISIC). In the present paper the first three digits allow differentiating between 262 sectors of industry. 

Sectors of industry were defined using the first three digits of International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). This results in 262 sectors for all of which a fixed-effect is estimated. For all sectors the hazard ratio with respect to sector Manufacture of Communication Equipment (ISIC-code 26.3) is calculated. This sector is chosen as reference since its average hazard rate is closest to the total weighted population average. 

United Nations, 2008. International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Statistical Papers, Series M, revision 4. 

COMMERCE DEPARTMENT 14th Street Constitution Avenue NW, Washington DC 20230, (202) 482-2000. Major source of information on business activity, both international and domestic. Domestic activity can be tracked through publications of the Census Bureau (see below for location), which surveys business every five years by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), and forecasts activity for each segment each year (U.S. Industrial Outlook, available from NTIS). Adhesives, SIC 2891, report included in Miscellaneous Chemical Products, last surveyed in 1992. Manufacturers are required by law to respond to surveys, but not every producer of adhesive and sealant products is represented because of nuances in the conduct of the survey. However, lots of good information for comparative valuation of business, workforce output, etc. 

In order to ensure harmony with chemical nomenclature, there is available a number of international and national listings. Some of these are the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) the Classification of Chemicals in the Customs Tariff of the European Communities the Chemical Abstracts Service List International Standard ISO 1750 (pesticides and other agrochemicals) and, British Standard 2472 1965 recommended names for chemicals used in industry. 

The Shore A scale, or as it is sometimes called, durometer hardness, enjoys considerable success in North America and in particular is widely accepted by the automotive industry the scale is an integral part of the classification system for elastomeric materials used in automotive applications (ASTM D2000). Shore hardness has also become the industry standard for the rapidly growing thermoplastic rubber sector, where advantage can be taken of the complementary Shore D scale for harder grades and for rubber-modified plastics. Seven Shore scales are described in ASTM D2240, while Shore A and D hardness are also detailed in the international standard for pocket hardness meters. ISO 7619 (BS903. Part A57). The latter also specifies a pocket meter based on the IRHD scale. 

The system for classification of operations or work activity used to be the Standard Industrial Classificalion (SIC) system. SIC codes did not handle many new kinds of work and international commerce. In 1997, the United States adopted a new system called the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Some kinds of work had to have major changes in classifications. 

Before GHS was established by the United Nations, there were many different regulations on hazard classification in use in different countries. Although many were at least somewhat similar in content and approach, without a common framework, the regulations governing industry represented multiple standards and classifications and labels for the same hazard in different countries. Given the extent of international trade in chemicals, and the potential impact on neighboring countries when controls are not implemented, this created many unnecessary obstacles and trade complexities. Fortunately, it was determined that a worldwide approach was necessary to streamline and harmonize the rules. 

The USP is also home to the USAN (The USP Dictionary of U.S. Adopted iVames and International Drug Names). This compendium is recognized throughout the healthcare industry as the authoritative dictionary of drugs. The USP maintains an electronic Web site that can be accessed for useful drug naming, classification, and standards information (http //www.usp.org). 

It is therefore apparent that, because of its diversity of operations and close links in many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical industry. Instead each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as the chemical industry . It is important to bear this in mind when comparing statistical information which is derived from several sources. Perhaps the best known international definition for chemicals is that contained in Section 5 of the United Nations Standard International Trade Classification. Individual countries definitions will differ from this to varying degrees, as will the companies trade organizations—such as the Chemical Industries Association (CIA) in the U.K.—in each country. 

Uniform cotton standards were established in 1907 by international representatives from the cotton industry (United States Department of Agriculture 1995). The US Cotton Standards Act of 4 March 1923, authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to establish standards for the classification of cotton by which its quality could be... 

Several classification problems have to be solved prior to establishing an epidemiological system for surveillance of the health of a population, e.g., the residents of a certain country or the employees of a certain industrial plant. These problems include, among others, the design and use of a standardized system (i) of diagnostic entities to document health problems and (2) of a list of occupational activities and exposures. The first aspect represents an obvious necessity without a set of well-defined diagnoses, it is impossible to perform analyses of health problems in a population. On an international level, the International Classification of Diseases, presently in its 10th revision ( TCD-10 ), provides such a tool. 

Perhaps the best place to begin in choosing appropriate hand protection is the American National Standard for Hand Protection Selection Criteria. It was developed by the American National Standards Institute and the International Safety Equipment Association. The standard addresses the classification and testing of hand protection for specific performance properties related to chemical and industrial applications. 

The rural, industrial, and marine atmospheres described earlier are very broad classifications, and do not adequately define specific exposure conditions. Other categories have been proposed, such as desert, tropical, urban, semiindustrial, and industrial-marine, but even these are not satisfactory for predictive purposes [9]. In the mid-1970s. Technical Committee 156 on Corrosion of Metals and Alloys of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) identified atmospheric corrosion as a priority area for study. From that, a classification system was developed, and described by four standards (Table 3). The system is based on quantitative values for TOW, SO2, and Cl deposition rates, and/or mass loss of steel, aluminum, zinc, and copper samples exposed for at least one yetir. The TOW can be determined from meteorological data or measured by devices such as described in ASTM G 84, the ionic species deposition rates by ASTM G 92 and either of the Cl methods described earlier, and the mass losses determined by the procedures discussed earlier in this section. The levels of ionic species, TOW, and mass losses are placed in categories as to... 

---