Copper sampling

Table 9. Average Impurity Levels and Physical Properties of Wire-Bar Copper Samples ...

To illustrate the effect of radial release interactions on the structure/ property relationships in shock-loaded materials, experiments were conducted on copper shock loaded using several shock-recovery designs that yielded differences in es but all having been subjected to a 10 GPa, 1 fis pulse duration, shock process [13]. Compression specimens were sectioned from these soft recovery samples to measure the reload yield behavior, and examined in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) to study the substructure evolution. The substructure and yield strength of the bulk shock-loaded copper samples were found to depend on the amount of e, in the shock-recovered sample at a constant peak pressure and pulse duration. In Fig. 6.8 the quasi-static reload yield strength of the 10 GPa shock-loaded copper is observed to increase with increasing residual sample strain. 

Appleton and Waddington [40] present experimental evidence that pulse duration also affects residual strength in OFHC copper. Samples shock loaded to 5 GPa for 1.2 ps pulse duration exhibit poorly developed dislocation cell structure with easily resolvable individual dislocations. When the pulse duration is increased to 2.2 ps (still at 5 GPa peak stress) recovered samples show an increase in Vickers hardness [41] and postshock electron micrographs show a well-developed cell structure more like samples shock loaded to 10 GPa (1.2 ps). In the following paragraphs we give several additional examples of how pulse duration affects material hardness. 

Gray and Follansbee [44] quasi-statically tested OFE copper samples that had been shock loaded to 10 GPa and pulse durations of 0.1 fis, 1 /rs, and 2 fus. The quasi-static stress-strain curves are shown in Fig. 7.10 with the response of annealed starting copper included for comparison. The yield strength of shock-loaded copper is observed to increase with pulse duration, as the work-hardening rate is seen to systematically decrease. 

Fig. 3.20. Thermal conductivity of copper samples with residual resistivity ratio (RRR) ranging from 3000...

We have carried out the measurement of the thermal conductivity of six copper samples, whose characteristics are shown in Table 11.2. 

The thermal conductance of each glue spot below 150 mK was very low because of the two contact resistances Rc (Kapton-glue and glue-copper), and the power Ph delivered to the copper sample did not flow through the Kapton foil. To be sure of that, however, 1 mm large, 56 xm thick copper ribbon was internally glued around the upper end of the Kapton support. A heater Hk and a thermometer Tk (Fig. 11.6) were fixed on the ribbon and a power Pk was delivered to the Kapton support in such a way that T = Th. 

Figure 11 shows the PAXAS spectrum and the absorption spectrum of the copper sample. Quite corresponding fine structure shows that the information of EXAFS is also included in the PAXAS spectrum. The heat generation process also reflects the EXAFS. The only difference is the monotonous increasing trend of PAXAS signal intensity along with the photon energy increase. This is also seen in the previous... 

The coins appear to be essentially a ternary alloy copper, tin, and lead. Figure 1 displays the copper percentages of the samples in comparison to each other, and Table I shows all copper and other elemental compositions. While the samples with the lowest percentages are near 70%, nearly half of the sample set shows 90% or higher copper. Samples of ancient coinage with this level of purity are rare, but not unheard of (4). 

ANALYSIS OF COPPER SAMPLES USING THE PEPTIDE-MODIFIED ELECTRODE... 

The specific heat at constant pressure, Cpf of the HIP-treated sample with nominal composition LaVg 25 0,7504 was measured over the temperature range 4-400 K by the heat pulse method in a calorimeter that incorporates a feedback system to regulate the temperature of concentric radiation shields surrounding the sample (9). The Cp values are accurate to within 1%, as determined by calibration runs using a polycrystalline copper sample and a sapphire single crystal sample. 

A 1% solution (10 cm3) of salicylal- -chloroaniline in EtOH was treated in the reactor similarly to the above method, with a copper (sample)-bronze (counterbody) friction pair. Yield 20%. 

Example 4. Use the plot of Fig. 13b to estimate the surface area per gram of the copper sample used in the experiment. The vapor pressure of N2 at 90 K is 2710 torr. 

The measurements have shown that the catalytic activity of the copper sample is determined by its surface properties and also by the composition of the subsurface region. 

Let us consider metallic copper sample immersed in water and let us suppose the metallic copper in contact with water gives rise to cupric ions and the energy profile for... 

The corrosion rate of a totally immersed copper sample in seawater is about 0.02-0.07 mm/yr and at half-tide the rate is 0.02-0.1 mm/yr. In this respect the corrosion resistance of copper is 2-5 times greater than mild steel under total immersion conditions and even greater under half-tide conditions. The copper loses its corrosion resistance in seawater of velocities greater than 1 m/s and the rate of dissolution is such that toxic copper species produced are beneficial in that they are used in marine antifouling agents. 

The crosslinked ViSi (OCH,), silicone type substrates were spread with a microslide on a mechanically polished copper sample to form several tens of pm thick films. Then, they are transferred into the spectrometer chamber without passing through the atmosphere. 

Figure 5 shows an aluminum (or copper) sample holder that can serve to hold a 5-mm ruby ball for measuremeuts at temperatures up to 450°C. A snug hole contains a 110-V, 150-W cartridge heater (Omega) that is controlled by a Variac. A type-K thermocouple can be stuffed with glass wool in the hole above the ruby ball to monitor the temperature. A 1-in. steel set screw serves to thermally isolate the block from a support post. A 3-mm hole is drilled through for access of the excitation laser beam, and a second 3-mm hole on... 

Trace and ultratrace impurities (Ti, Zn, Ga, Nb, Sn, Sb, Te, several lanthanides, Ta, Ir, Pt, Pb, Bi and U) in the xgg range and below in wet digested steel samples (with aqua regia in a microwave oven) have been determined by ICP-ToFMS. For Ca determination in steel, an analytical procedure was introduced with microwave assisted digestion and matrix separation by flow injection ICP-MS to solve the interference problem ( C 02 and Si °0 on analyte ion " " Ca+) after treatment with H2SO4 and HF, and a detection limit of 0.6(xgg was obtained. The determination of trace and ultratrace impurities in high purity (4N) copper samples, after digestion... 

Only the wavelength intensities were used in this analysis since the concentrations generated by the program are semiquantitative in that the concentration is an average of the spectra scanned for each element. Copper standards were prepared, arced, and scanned along with the copper samples. Calibration curves were drawn for each analytical standard. The wavelength intensities of the sample spectra were compared with these curves and the quantitative trace element composition derived. 

Sample Preparation. Copper samples weighing 100 mg were cut from larger samples using a carbide-tipped drill. These samples were cleaned in reagent-grade HCl (IN) and rinsed in triple distilled water to remove surface contaminants. Sample material was placed in polyethylene vials and thermally sealed. Four USGS standards— numbers AGV-1, BRC-1, DTS-1 and W-1— were weighed and placed in similar vials to be used as absolute standards. 

Figure 6. Applications of the chemical state plot to unknown copper samples. Duplicate points for certain chemical states represent data from different sources...

Figure 4.25 shows the raw data of COF and AE during polishing of patterned copper samples with slurry 3 and slurry 4. From Fig. 4.25a it can be... 

During the CMP of patterned copper samples, two phenomena, copper dishing and ILD (SiOj) erosion, led to deviations firom... 

Graebner and Okinaka [136], using low temperature calorimetry, demonstrated that the portion of diffusible hydrogen consists entirely of molecular hydrogen H2. This calorimetric method is based on meeisuring the heat that is produced by quenching a copper sample from room temperature to 4.2 K (liquid helium) as a function of time. At equilibrium at 300 K, molecular hydrogen consists of 75 % ortho-H2... 

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