Cotton standards

The official cotton standards of the United States for the grade of Upland cotton are also called the universal standards. Leading cotton associations in major cotton-consuming countries meet periodically to establish a continuing consensus of cotton classification. International conferences are held every 3 years in the United States to consider revisions and to ensure accurate reproduction of the standards. By this method, the U.S. cotton classification system maintains sensitivity and responsiveness to cotton consumer needs. 

Uniform cotton standards were established in 1907 by international representatives from the cotton industry (United States Department of Agriculture 1995). The US Cotton Standards Act of 4 March 1923, authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to establish standards for the classification of cotton by which its quality could be... 

Tire Ya.rns, A method to iacrease the strength of viscose yam from the 0.2 N /tex (2.2 gf/den) standard to levels needed ia tires was first patented by Courtaulds ia 1935 (18). By raising the ziac concentration ia the spia bath to 4% the thread could be stretched more by immersing it ia a hot dilute acid bath duting extension. Filament strengths iacreased to about 0.3 N/tex (3.3 gf/den), and the cross section became rounder, with a thicker skin than regular viscose. Pairs of these yams were capable of beiag twisted iato tire cords which outperformed traditional cotton cords. 

Sulfur and its compounds are among the oldest and most widely used pesticides. Elemental sulfur is especially effective as a dust for the control of mites attacking citms, cotton, and field crops and as a protectant against chiggers, Trombicula spp., attacking humans. Sulfur also is a valuable fungicidal diluent for other dust insecticides and is used in wettable form as a spray mixture. Time sulfur has been a standard dormant spray for the control of the San Jose Quadraspidiotuspemiciosus and for other scales and various plant diseases. Time sulfur is a water-soluble mixture of calcium pentasulfide,... 

Repellents on Cloth. Each candidate repellent is appHed to a knit cotton stocking or cloth patch at 3.3 g/m cloth, usually as a 1% solution of active ingredient (AI) ia acetone. Two hours later, the stock or cloth patch is placed over an untreated nylon stocking on the arm of a subject, the hand covered, and the arm exposed to 1500 female mosquitoes for one minute. If fewer than five bites are counted, the test is repeated at 24 h, then weekly until failure, which is, by definition, five bites per minute. The standard mosquitoes used are Piedes aegppti Anopheles quadrimaculatus or M. albimanus. Candidate repellents ia cloth tests are ia one of the foUowiag classes class 1, effective 0 d class 2, 1—5 d class 3, 6—10 d class 4, 11—21 d and class 5, >21 d. 

Standard Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Cotton Fibers (Array Method)," ASTM D1440-90, Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vol 07.01., ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1991, pp. 390—395. 

Sodium carboxymethylceUulose, NaCMC, greatly reduces redeposition in cotton-washing systems based on synthetic surfactants. It is effective at remarkably low concentrations of ca 1% of the standard washing compositions used at ca 0.1 to 0.2% in the bath. Thus, ca 0.001—0.002%, or 10—20 ppm NaCMC is sufficient to significantly inhibit redeposition. 

Dispersion Stability of Disperse Dyes at High Temperature. A disperse dye dyebath is treated under the desired test conditions at 130°C in a special apparatus (Gaston County Lab Dye and Chemical Tester) and filtered through cotton and polyester filters. The filter with the heaviest residue is then compared with a series of standard photographs of standard performance and rated equal to the one it most resembles (1 poor, 5 excellent). 

That workmanship is up to the standard expected in this type of contract. The Codes of Practice, lEE regulations and other bodies related to standards should be used as a measure of standard. It was ruled in the case of Cotton v. Wallis (1955) that a lower standard of work could be accepted in a known cheap job, as long as the work is not rank bad . 

Metal-free cotton material samples were impregnated with standard solutions of iron, copper, and manganese ions containing 10 to 100 )a,g of metal per gram of cotton material. It was completely dried and 1 g of cotton sample was combusted... 

The average recoveries and standard deviations for the many citrus, pome fruit, tree nut, fruiting vegetables, and cotton substrate sample types were acceptable when fortified at concentration levels ranging from 0.01 to 4 mg kg. The LOQ of the method was 0.01 mgkg , except for citrus oil (0.02mgkg Q, and the LOD was 1.25 ng injected. 

Kotschi (2000) was concerned that the standards and demand for organic products were dominated by the wealthy northern countries. He recognised that there was a booming international market for organic food and textiles. The green tea from China, coffee from Mexico and cotton from Tanzania are exported to wealthy people in Europe, North America and Japan. 

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