International Federation Manufacturers

International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) (1995), GATT, TRIPs and the Pharmaceutical Industry a Review, Geneva IFPMA. 

International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA)... 

There are six parties directly involved in ICH as well as observers and the International Federation of Pharmaceufical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA see Table 25.1). The six parties are the founder members of ICH, and fhey represenf fhe regulatory bodies and the research-based industry in the European Union (EU), Japan, and the United States in the EU, the European Federation of Pharmaceufical Indusfries and Associations (EFPIA) and the Ministry of Healfh, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan, the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (JPMA) and in the United States, the FDA and the Pharmaceutical Researchers and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). 

Founded in 1990, the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) is comprised of the pharmacopeial manufacturers associations in Europe (EFPIA), Japan (JPMA), the United States (PMA), and the drug regulatory agencies in Europe (EEC), Japan (MHW), and the United States (FDA), with the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA) serving as secretariat. Pharmacopeias are not members of the ICH, where membership is reserved for three PMAs and three regulatory agencies. Invited observers include Canada, WHO, and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). 

Both U.S. and international chemical manufacturers must comply with state and local environmental regulations, some of which may be more severe than federal regulations. This is a convenient index to state agencies in the United States and its territories. 

International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations. 2000. IFPMA Code of Marketing Practices. Available at http //www.ifpma.org/News/news market.aspx [Accessed November 16, 2005]. 

In addition to the active sponsors, WHO, EFTA, and Canada are taking part as observers. The IFPMA (International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association) runs the ICH secretariat and sits on the steering committee. 

Nevertheless, manufacturers are interested in the further development of reference materials and reference measurement procedures suited for application in human serum for medical purposes. Therefore, industry appreciates the efforts started by the Joint Committee of Trace-ability and Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM), an initiative supported by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) in order to develop suitable reference materials and measurement procedures, as well as to collect information on the activities of reference laboratories. In view of the limited resources and large efforts connected with these activities, clear priorities need to be set. Projects need to take into account the clinical importance of the analyte, consider the technical difficulties that must be overcome, and, most importantly, decide whether improvement of the metrological side is reflected in a gain of medically relevant information. 

The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA). IFPMA represents the worldwide research-based pharmaceutical industry and facilitates the development of position statements on policy issues. It serves as a bridge between industry, the WHO, and other international health agencies. It also serves at the ICH secretariat. 

The International Conferences was jointly supported and organized by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW), together with the pharmaceutical industry, as represented by the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA), the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA), the US Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA) and the Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA). 

ICH topics and guidelines can be obtained at the Internet website of the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA) at www.ifpma.org. 

Mechanically harvested cotton, either with cotton picker machines (cotton burr remains attached to the stalk) or with stripper machines (cotton burr is removed along with the seed cotton), can contain more trash and other irregularities than hand-harvested cotton. However, according to Cotton contamination surveys by the International Textile Manufactures Federation (ITMF), the most contaminated cottons originate from some of the countries where cotton is hand-picked, whereas some of the cleanest can be sourced in the USA where cotton is machine harvested [34]. Most of the mechanically harvested cotton is harvested with cotton pickers ( 75% in the United States and all in Australia). 

There is a worldwide movement toward the increased use of instrument measurements such as the HVI in characterizing cotton quality and in cotton classification. This is encouraged by international bodies such as the International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) and the International Textile Manufacturers Federation (ITMF). 

In 1991, the Commission of European Communities, the FDA, the Japanese Ministry of Heath and Welfare, the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations, the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations, the U.S. Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association and the Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association organized the first International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The goal of the conference was to begin to harmonize requirements for regulatory submissions in the United States, Europe and Japan in the areas of quality, safety, and efficacy. One of the quality topics was stability testing. 

Wehrli (1997) stated case reports from Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom and the activities of the Pharmaceutical Security Institute (PSl), which was founded by the majority of ethical pharmaceutical companies and operates under the auspices of the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA). Wehrli further indicated that an API may be counterfeited in one country, passed by a circuitous route into another for formulation, from there to a third country where the product is sold. 

Switzerland is also home to many international organisations including the World Health Organisation (WHO), the International Red Cross, several United Nations organisations, the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the International Olympic Committee QOC), the Bank for International Settlements, and the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA). 

It also contains some information on the regulatory framework in these countries. There is some information about Mexico, but the self-regulatory code could not be found. In addition there are some overarching international codes of conduct, such as the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA) code, the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA). 

The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA) code is intended to provide minimum standards and universal principles for ethical marketing conduct on which national codes can be based. It is used as an operational code only in those countries (e.g. less developed countries) where no other code exists. In practice the self-regulatory national codes in developed countries are usually stricter and more detailed than the IFPMA code. 

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