Less developed countries

Iodine deficiency in less developed countries is still a serious problem. Whereas, iodized and iodated salt technology is readily available and relatively inexpensive, market distribution conditions, as well as a lack of understanding by consumers, prevents iodized salt from reaching much of the population in less-developed countries. 

Thirty to 40 percent of the calories in a typical American diet come from animal products. If cvciy person in the world consumed this much meat, all the agricultural systems in the world would be able to support only 2.5 billion people. In 1999 these same systems supported 6 billion people, primarily because the majority of the people living in less developed countries consume fewer animal products. 

The figure of 4 7o of GNP is probably reasonable for other developed countries, although differences may exist because the mix of industries is not the same—see the data in Table 9.1. Differences in climate, and the level of industrial pollution etc. can be very significant. The cost of corrosion in terms of GNP may well be higher in some less developed countries, although it is probably less in the least developed countries. 

Table 1 showed that the growth in the primary (single-use) Zn - Mn02 battery market will be entirely in the alkaline field because in the less-developed countries there will be the strong trend toward alkaline batteries. Zn-Carbon batteries will certainly not disappear, but their poor quality in some regions is an area for improvements (Table 2). 

He then showed the comparison between electricity consumption and the gross national product. If the CNF grows faster, then the electricity consumption increases by a higher percentage then Che CNF. Experiences in ths United Kingdom, France, other countries of OFf.D, Brazil, Korea and some less developed countries are similar to (hose in the United Statca. 

The mobility of slowly degradable compounds or persistent metabolites present in surface water or bank filtration-enriched ground water is of particular concern in the production of potable water. Certain surfactants, and especially their polar metabolites among others, have the potential to bypass technical purification units used, which may include flocculation, (active charcoal) filtration, ozonation or chlorination. As such, these compounds can reach drinking water destined for human consumption [4-6]. In most cases the origin of surfactant residues and their degradation intermediates in raw water is from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents (see Chapters 6.1 and 6.2) or direct emissions of wastewater, with the latter still common in many less developed countries. 

A comparison is made of the available resources, their principle economic ex-ploitability and actual prognosis for their use. Again one notes the enormous potential of solar energy. Rapid growth is foreseen for biomass, solar and wind. A difference is made between traditional and modern use of biomass, because currently, especially in less developed countries, biomass is also an important energy source, but is not used in a technologically advanced way. 

There is a strong need to train of new professionals in commercial or governmental initiatives, and teach them mastery the scientific background of biological decontamination and specific features of in-field applications. As the most relevant pollution problems are localised in the less developed countries, training per se may not suffice. 

Prolonged periods of starvation, or undemutrition, are all too frequent in the less developed countries of the world, especially when they are affected by natural disaster or war. The effect on children is particularly severe and the diseases that result are known collectively as protein-... 

The first type of cleansing agent, used by humankind for centuries, was soap. Although it has now been supplemented by various synthetic detergents in advanced countries for laundry and household use, it is still preferred for personal hygiene. In less-developed countries it is preferred for laundry use. 

Continued growth of population and urbanization in less-developed countries, to constitute a larger fraction of humanity and to create new mega-cities. 

This disastrous consequence comes about because intellectuals in less developed countries (LDCs), far from treating the preoccupations of the residents of economically developed countries as affectations of the very rich, adopt these same worries. Craven and Stewart provide an instructive analysis of risk issues in France and the francophone African state of Burkina Faso.1 The medical, environmental, geographical, and political problems of Burkina Faso are radically different from those in France, but intellectuals in Burkina Faso and college students in France responded similarly to questions about risk. In fact, intellectuals in Burkina Faso had borrowed concerns relevant only to France, and their opinions were reflected in the national media. Thus,... 

Today, proper and effective treatment and prevention of air and water emissions resulting from chemical production are in place in developed countries. However, less developed countries often lack the same standard of regulations. This results... 

Not possible/ affordable in less developed countries Not sustainable... 

Advanced treatment processes are often not economically feasible in less developed countries. 

Mohan, R. and G. Ranjith. 2001. Research in Less-Developed Countries. Lancet 357 1296. National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC). 2001. Ethical and Policy Issues in International... 

Trostle, J. and J. Simon. 1992. Building Applied Health Research Capacity in Less-Developed Countries Problems Encountered by the ADDR Project. Social Science and Medicine 35 1379-1387. 

Cann, Jr., W. 2004. On the Relationship between Intellectual Property Rights and the Need of Less-Developed Countries for Access to Pharmaceuticals Creating a Legal Duty to Supply under a Theory of Progressive Global Consitutionalism. Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 15 755-944. 

Fruit juices and soft drinks are available in essentially the same form almost anywhere in the world. From polar bases to the tropics, and from the largest developed nations to small and less developed countries, soft drinks and fruit juices are available in bottles, cans, laminated paper packs, pouches, cups and almost every other form of packaging known. 

---