Pharmaceutical research-based

The United Kingdom is seen from these figures to be a country with a comparatively low per-capita consumption of medicines, to have a high medicines price index and a strong pharmaceutical research base, therefore the various measures to contain medicines expenditure would appear to have had their greatest impact on the demand side. 

According to pharmaceutical research-based manufacturers (PhRMa), the representative body of the research-based pharmaceutical companies (3), in 2003, PhRMa member companies invested an estimated 33.2 billion in research to develop new treatments for diseases—an estimated 17.7% of domestic sales on R D—a higher R D to sales ratio than any other U.S. industry, which averages around 4% of sales (3). 

Figure 1.5 R D expenditures, ethical pharmaceuticals, research-based pharmaceutical companies, 1980-2000. (From PhRMA Annual Survey 1997 2000 expenditure from Ernst and Young, 2001)...

A challenging task in material science as well as in pharmaceutical research is to custom tailor a compound s properties. George S. Hammond stated that the most fundamental and lasting objective of synthesis is not production of new compounds, but production of properties (Norris Award Lecture, 1968). The molecular structure of an organic or inorganic compound determines its properties. Nevertheless, methods for the direct prediction of a compound s properties based on its molecular structure are usually not available (Figure 8-1). Therefore, the establishment of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPRs) and Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) uses an indirect approach in order to tackle this problem. In the first step, numerical descriptors encoding information about the molecular structure are calculated for a set of compounds. Secondly, statistical and artificial neural network models are used to predict the property or activity of interest based on these descriptors or a suitable subset. 

At the time, I was so fascinated by the potential of our organofluorine compound-based pharmaceutical research that, to learn more about... 

PhRMA is a trade association of over 100 research-based pharmaceutical companies. For membership a company must manufacture and market finished dosage-form products under its own brand names and must conduct a significant amount of research and development in the United States. 

This narrative was first presented at Don Boyd s third annual Central Indiana Computational Chemistry Christmas Luncheon (CICCCL-3) on December 18,1997. Although it is specihc for Eli Lilly and Company, the progress and problems that transpired there were probably not too different from developments at other large, forward-looking, research-based pharmaceutical companies. 

A guideline for evaluation of the photostability of new drug substances and dosage forms was published in 1997 [39]. Subsequently, a joint study was undertaken by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America to evaluate the ICF1 guideline. A draft chapter for the United States Pharmacopeia, based on the guideline and the joint study, has been published in Pharmacopeial Forum [40]. 

The book is organized into eight chapters. Chapter 1 describes the physicochemical needs of pharmaceutical research and development. Chapter 2 defines the flux model, based on Fick s laws of diffusion, in terms of solubility, permeability, and charge state (pH), and lays the foundation for the rest of the book. Chapter 3 covers the topic of ionization constants—how to measure pKa values accurately and quickly, and which methods to use. Bjerrum analysis is revealed as the secret weapon behind the most effective approaches. Chapter 4 discusses experimental... 

Future development of affinity biosensors based on spectroscopy of guided waves will be driven by the needs of the consumer. These biosensor technologies hold potential to benefit important fields including pharmaceutical research, medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and security. Applications in these areas will challenge research and development in the field. 

In the above-mentioned examples, the prediction of CYP-mediated compound interactions is a starting point in any metabolic pathway prediction or enzyme inactivation. This chapter presents an evolution of a standard method [1], widely used in pharmaceutical research in the early-ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) field, which provides information on the biotransformations produced by CYP-mediated substrate interactions. The methodology can be applied automatically to all the cytochromes whose 3 D structure can be modeled or is known, including plants as well as phase II enzymes. It can be used by chemists to detect molecular positions that should be protected to avoid metabolic degradation, or to check the suitability of a new scaffold or prodrug. The fully automated procedure is also a valuable new tool in early-ADMET where metabolite- or mechanism based inhibition (MBI) must be evaluated as early as possible. 

The JPMA represents 90 member companies. Its membership includes aU the major research-based pharmaceutical manufacturers in Japan. 

---